Contents
2017
Volume: 5 Issue 6
43 Article(s)
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Research Articles
Diffraction and Gratings
Optically induced atomic lattice with tunable near-field and far-field diffraction patterns
Feng Wen, Huapeng Ye, Xun Zhang, Wei Wang, Shuoke Li, Hongxing Wang, Yanpeng Zhang, and Cheng-wei Qiu
Conventional periodic structures usually have nontunable refractive indices and thus lead to immutable photonic bandgaps. A periodic structure created in an ultracold atoms ensemble by externally controlled light can overcome this disadvantage and enable lots of promising applications. Here, two novel types of optically induced square lattices, i.e., the amplitude and phase lattices, are proposed in an ultracold atoms ensemble by interfering four ordinary plane waves under different parameter conditions. We demonstrate that in the far-field regime, the atomic amplitude lattice with high transmissivity behaves similarly to an ideal pure sinusoidal amplitude lattice, whereas the atomic phase lattices capable of producing phase excursion across a weak probe beam along with high transmissivity remains equally ideal. Moreover, we identify that the quality of Talbot imaging about a phase lattice is greatly improved when compared with an amplitude lattice. Such an atomic lattice could find applications in all-optical switching at the few photons level and paves the way for imaging ultracold atoms or molecules both in the near-field and in the far-field with a nondestructive and lensless approach.Conventional periodic structures usually have nontunable refractive indices and thus lead to immutable photonic bandgaps. A periodic structure created in an ultracold atoms ensemble by externally controlled light can overcome this disadvantage and enable lots of promising applications. Here, two novel types of optically induced square lattices, i.e., the amplitude and phase lattices, are proposed in an ultracold atoms ensemble by interfering four ordinary plane waves under different parameter conditions. We demonstrate that in the far-field regime, the atomic amplitude lattice with high transmissivity behaves similarly to an ideal pure sinusoidal amplitude lattice, whereas the atomic phase lattices capable of producing phase excursion across a weak probe beam along with high transmissivity remains equally ideal. Moreover, we identify that the quality of Talbot imaging about a phase lattice is greatly improved when compared with an amplitude lattice. Such an atomic lattice could find applications in all-optical switching at the few photons level and paves the way for imaging ultracold atoms or molecules both in the near-field and in the far-field with a nondestructive and lensless approach..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 04, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 676 (2017)
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Spectrally efficient multi-band visible light communication system based on Nyquist PAM-8 modulation
Nan Chi, Mengjie Zhang, Jianyang Shi, and Yiheng Zhao
High-speed multi-user access with high spectral efficiency is one of the key challenges for band-limited visible light communication (VLC) systems. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for effective multiple-access VLC systems based on multi-band, Nyquist-filtered pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-8 modulation. Within this scenario, the spectral efficiency can be improved from 1.5 to 2.73 b/s/Hz by implementing an appropriate Nyquist filter to suppress spectral bandwidth. We experimentally demonstrate a multi-band VLC system at 1.2 Gb/s after 1 m indoor free space transmission. The system performances have also been thoroughly investigated for different sub-band numbers, utilizing a rectangular filter in the frequency domain and a Nyquist filter based on square root raised cosine. The results show that the Nyquist-filtered PAM-8 signal can outperform a rectangular filtered signal. The maximum improvement of system capacity is up to 1.67 times for the Nyquist-filtered multi-band system. The results clearly show the advantage and feasibility of multi-band Nyquist PAM for high-speed multiple-access VLC systems.High-speed multi-user access with high spectral efficiency is one of the key challenges for band-limited visible light communication (VLC) systems. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for effective multiple-access VLC systems based on multi-band, Nyquist-filtered pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-8 modulation. Within this scenario, the spectral efficiency can be improved from 1.5 to 2.73 b/s/Hz by implementing an appropriate Nyquist filter to suppress spectral bandwidth. We experimentally demonstrate a multi-band VLC system at 1.2 Gb/s after 1 m indoor free space transmission. The system performances have also been thoroughly investigated for different sub-band numbers, utilizing a rectangular filter in the frequency domain and a Nyquist filter based on square root raised cosine. The results show that the Nyquist-filtered PAM-8 signal can outperform a rectangular filtered signal. The maximum improvement of system capacity is up to 1.67 times for the Nyquist-filtered multi-band system. The results clearly show the advantage and feasibility of multi-band Nyquist PAM for high-speed multiple-access VLC systems..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 18, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 588 (2017)
Integrated Optics
Capacitive actuation and switching of add–drop graphene-silicon micro-ring filters
Tommaso Cassese, Marco Angelo Giambra, Vito Sorianello, Gabriele De Angelis, Michele Midrio, Marianna Pantouvaki, Joris Van Campenhout, Inge Asselberghs, Cedric Huyghebaert, Antonio D’Errico, and Marco Romagnoli
We propose and experimentally demonstrate capacitive actuation of a graphene–silicon micro-ring add/drop filter. The mechanism is based on a silicon–SiO2–graphene capacitor on top of the ring waveguide. We show the capacitive actuation of the add/drop functionality by a voltage-driven change of the graphene optical absorption. The proposed capacitive solution overcomes the need for continuous heating to keep tuned the filter’s in/out resonance and therefore eliminates “in operation” energy consumption.We propose and experimentally demonstrate capacitive actuation of a graphene–silicon micro-ring add/drop filter. The mechanism is based on a silicon–SiO2–graphene capacitor on top of the ring waveguide. We show the capacitive actuation of the add/drop functionality by a voltage-driven change of the graphene optical absorption. The proposed capacitive solution overcomes the need for continuous heating to keep tuned the filter’s in/out resonance and therefore eliminates “in operation” energy consumption..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 27, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 762 (2017)
Interferometry
Enhancement of the angular rotation measurement sensitivity based on SU(2) and SU(1,1) interferometers
Jun Liu, Wenxiao Liu, Shitao Li, Dong Wei, Hong Gao, and Fuli Li
We investigate the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement with the method of homodyne detection in SU(2) and SU(1,1) interferometers by employing orbital angular momentum (OAM). By combining a coherent beam with a vacuum beam in an SU(2) interferometer, we get the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement as 12Nl. We can surpass the limit of the angular rotation measurement in an SU(1,1) interferometer by combining a coherent beam with a vacuum beam or a squeezed vacuum beam when the probe beam has OAM. Without injection, the sensitivity can reach 12Nl. In addition, by employing another construction of an SU(1,1) interferometer where the pump beam has OAM, with the same injection of an SU(1,1) interferometer, the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement can be improved by a factor of 2, reaching 14Nl. The results confirm the potential of this technology for precision measurements in angular rotation measurements.We investigate the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement with the method of homodyne detection in SU(2) and SU(1,1) interferometers by employing orbital angular momentum (OAM). By combining a coherent beam with a vacuum beam in an SU(2) interferometer, we get the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement as 12Nl. We can surpass the limit of the angular rotation measurement in an SU(1,1) interferometer by combining a coherent beam with a vacuum beam or a squeezed vacuum beam when the probe beam has OAM. Without injection, the sensitivity can reach 12Nl. In addition, by employing another construction of an SU(1,1) interferometer where the pump beam has OAM, with the same injection of an SU(1,1) interferometer, the sensitivity of the angular rotation measurement can be improved by a factor of 2, reaching 14Nl. The results confirm the potential of this technology for precision measurements in angular rotation measurements..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 25, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 617 (2017)
Lasers and Laser Optics
Nanoparticle mediated microcavity random laser
Zhaoji Yang, Weili Zhang, Rui Ma, Xiang Dong, Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Xiaofeng Li, and Yunjiang Rao
This paper reports a coherent random microcavity laser that consists of a disordered cladding (scattering) layer and a light-amplification core filled with dye solution. Cold cavity analysis indicates that the random resonance modes supported by the proposed cavity can be effectively excited. With introducing the gain material, random lasing by specific modes is observed to show typical features of coherent random lasers, such as spatially incoherent emission of random modes. By inserting a metal nanoparticle into the gain region, emission wavelength/intensity of the random lasers can be considerably tuned by changing the position of the inserted nanoparticle, opening up new avenues for controlling output of random lasers and sensing applications (e.g., small particle identification, location, etc.).This paper reports a coherent random microcavity laser that consists of a disordered cladding (scattering) layer and a light-amplification core filled with dye solution. Cold cavity analysis indicates that the random resonance modes supported by the proposed cavity can be effectively excited. With introducing the gain material, random lasing by specific modes is observed to show typical features of coherent random lasers, such as spatially incoherent emission of random modes. By inserting a metal nanoparticle into the gain region, emission wavelength/intensity of the random lasers can be considerably tuned by changing the position of the inserted nanoparticle, opening up new avenues for controlling output of random lasers and sensing applications (e.g., small particle identification, location, etc.)..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 08, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 557 (2017)
High-peak-power large-angular-momentum beams generated from passively Q-switched geometric modes with astigmatic transformation
Y. F. Chen, C. C. Chang, C. Y. Lee, C. L. Sung, J. C. Tung, K. W. Su, H. C. Liang, W. D. Chen, and G. Zhang
The criterion of achieving efficient passive Q-switching is analyzed to design an off-axis pumped Nd:YVO4/Cr4+:YAG laser with a degenerate cavity. Experimental results reveal that pure high-order HG0,m or HGm,0 eigenmodes with the order m between 0 and 14 can be generated, depending on the off-axis displacement along the y axis or the x axis. On the other hand, lasing modes naturally turn into planar geometric modes when the off-axis displacement is larger than the value for exciting the HG0,m or HGm,0 eigenmodes with m>14. The overall peak powers for high-order eigenmodes or geometric modes can exceed 140 W. Furthermore, the high-order eigenmodes and geometric modes are employed to generate vortex beams with large orbital angular momentum by using an external cylindrical mode converter. Theoretical analyses are performed to confirm experimental results and to manifest the phase structures of the generated vortex beams.The criterion of achieving efficient passive Q-switching is analyzed to design an off-axis pumped Nd:YVO4/Cr4+:YAG laser with a degenerate cavity. Experimental results reveal that pure high-order HG0,m or HGm,0 eigenmodes with the order m between 0 and 14 can be generated, depending on the off-axis displacement along the y axis or the x axis. On the other hand, lasing modes naturally turn into planar geometric modes when the off-axis displacement is larger than the value for exciting the HG0,m or HGm,0 eigenmodes with m>14. The overall peak powers for high-order eigenmodes or geometric modes can exceed 140 W. Furthermore, the high-order eigenmodes and geometric modes are employed to generate vortex beams with large orbital angular momentum by using an external cylindrical mode converter. Theoretical analyses are performed to confirm experimental results and to manifest the phase structures of the generated vortex beams..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 17, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 561 (2017)
Watt-level broadly wavelength tunable mode-locked solid-state laser in the 2 μm water absorption region
Wei Zhou, Xiaodong Xu, Rui Xu, Xuliang Fan, Yongguang Zhao, Lei Li, Dingyuan Tang, and Deyuan Shen
We report on broadly wavelength-tunable passive mode-locking with high power operating at the 2 μm water absorption band in a Tm:CYA crystal laser. With a simple quartz plate, stable mode-locking wavelengths can be tuned from 1874 to 1973 nm, with a tunable wavelength range up to ～100 nm and maximum output power up to 1.35 W. The bandwidth is narrow as ～6 GHz, corresponding to a high coherence. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of wavelength-tunable mode-locking with watt-level in the 2 μm water absorption band. The high temporal coherent laser can be further applied in spectroscopy, the efficient excitation of molecules, sensing, and quantum optics.We report on broadly wavelength-tunable passive mode-locking with high power operating at the 2 μm water absorption band in a Tm:CYA crystal laser. With a simple quartz plate, stable mode-locking wavelengths can be tuned from 1874 to 1973 nm, with a tunable wavelength range up to ～100 nm and maximum output power up to 1.35 W. The bandwidth is narrow as ～6 GHz, corresponding to a high coherence. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of wavelength-tunable mode-locking with watt-level in the 2 μm water absorption band. The high temporal coherent laser can be further applied in spectroscopy, the efficient excitation of molecules, sensing, and quantum optics..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 14, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 583 (2017)
Passively spatiotemporal gain-modulation-induced stable pulsing operation of a random fiber laser
Jiangming Xu, Jun Ye, Wei Liu, Jian Wu, Hanwei Zhang, Jinyong Leng, and Pu Zhou
Unlike a traditional fiber laser with a defined resonant cavity, a random fiber laser (RFL), whose operation is based on distributed feedback and gain via Rayleigh scattering (RS) and stimulated Raman scattering in a long passive fiber, has fundamental scientific challenges in pulsing operation for its remarkable cavity-free feature. For the time being, stable pulsed RFL utilizing a passive method has not been reported. Here, we propose and experimentally realize the passive spatiotemporal gain-modulation-induced stable pulsing operation of counterpumped RFL. Thanks to the good temporal stability of an employed pumping amplified spontaneous emission source and the superiority of this pulse generation scheme, a stable and regular pulse train can be obtained. Furthermore, the pump hysteresis and bistability phenomena with the generation of high-order Stokes light is presented, and the dynamics of pulsing operation is discussed after the theoretical investigation of the counterpumped RFL. This work extends our comprehension of temporal property of RFL and paves an effective novel avenue for the exploration of pulsed RFL with structural simplicity, low cost, and stable output.Unlike a traditional fiber laser with a defined resonant cavity, a random fiber laser (RFL), whose operation is based on distributed feedback and gain via Rayleigh scattering (RS) and stimulated Raman scattering in a long passive fiber, has fundamental scientific challenges in pulsing operation for its remarkable cavity-free feature. For the time being, stable pulsed RFL utilizing a passive method has not been reported. Here, we propose and experimentally realize the passive spatiotemporal gain-modulation-induced stable pulsing operation of counterpumped RFL. Thanks to the good temporal stability of an employed pumping amplified spontaneous emission source and the superiority of this pulse generation scheme, a stable and regular pulse train can be obtained. Furthermore, the pump hysteresis and bistability phenomena with the generation of high-order Stokes light is presented, and the dynamics of pulsing operation is discussed after the theoretical investigation of the counterpumped RFL. This work extends our comprehension of temporal property of RFL and paves an effective novel avenue for the exploration of pulsed RFL with structural simplicity, low cost, and stable output..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 14, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 598 (2017)
Graphene/phosphorene nano-heterojunction: facile synthesis, nonlinear optics, and ultrafast photonics applications with enhanced performance
Shunxiang Liu, Zhongjun Li, Yanqi Ge, Huide Wang, Rui Yue, Xiantao Jiang, Jianqing Li, Qiao Wen, and Han Zhang
Owing to its thickness-modulated direct energy band gap, relatively strong light–matter interaction, and unique nonlinear optical response at a long wavelength, few-layer black phosphorus, or phosphorene, becomes very attractive in ultrafast photonics applications. Herein, we synthesized a graphene/phosphorene nano-heterojunction using a liquid phase-stripping method. Tiny lattice distortions in graphene and phosphorene suggest the formation of a nano-heterojunction between graphene and phosphorene nanosheets. In addition, we systematically investigate their nonlinear optical responses at different wavelength regimes. Our experiments indicate that the combined advantages of ultrafast relaxation, broadband response in graphene, and the strong light–matter interaction in phosphorene can be combined together by nano-heterojunction. We have further fabricated two-dimensional (2D) nano-heterojunction based optical saturable absorbers and integrated them into an erbium-doped fiber laser to demonstrate the generation of a stable ultrashort pulse down to 148 fs. Our results indicate that a graphene/phosphorene nano-heterojunction can operate as a promising saturable absorber for ultrafast laser systems with ultrahigh pulse energy and ultranarrow pulse duration. We believe this work opens up a new approach to designing 2D heterointerfaces for applications in ultrafast photonics and other research. The fabrication of a 2D nano-heterojunction assembled from stacking different 2D materials, via this facile and scalable growth approach, paves the way for the formation and tuning of new 2D materials with desirable photonic properties and applications.Owing to its thickness-modulated direct energy band gap, relatively strong light–matter interaction, and unique nonlinear optical response at a long wavelength, few-layer black phosphorus, or phosphorene, becomes very attractive in ultrafast photonics applications. Herein, we synthesized a graphene/phosphorene nano-heterojunction using a liquid phase-stripping method. Tiny lattice distortions in graphene and phosphorene suggest the formation of a nano-heterojunction between graphene and phosphorene nanosheets. In addition, we systematically investigate their nonlinear optical responses at different wavelength regimes. Our experiments indicate that the combined advantages of ultrafast relaxation, broadband response in graphene, and the strong light–matter interaction in phosphorene can be combined together by nano-heterojunction. We have further fabricated two-dimensional (2D) nano-heterojunction based optical saturable absorbers and integrated them into an erbium-doped fiber laser to demonstrate the generation of a stable ultrashort pulse down to 148 fs. Our results indicate that a graphene/phosphorene nano-heterojunction can operate as a promising saturable absorber for ultrafast laser systems with ultrahigh pulse energy and ultranarrow pulse duration. We believe this work opens up a new approach to designing 2D heterointerfaces for applications in ultrafast photonics and other research. The fabrication of a 2D nano-heterojunction assembled from stacking different 2D materials, via this facile and scalable growth approach, paves the way for the formation and tuning of new 2D materials with desirable photonic properties and applications..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 01, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 662 (2017)
Variable-curvature microresonators for dual-wavelength lasing
Min Tang, Yong-Zhen Huang, Yue-De Yang, Hai-Zhong Weng, and Zhi-Xiong Xiao
Stable dual-mode semiconductor lasers can be applied for the photonic generation of microwave and terahertz waves. In this paper, the mode characteristics of a variable curvature microresonator are investigated by a two-dimensional finite element method for realizing stable dual-mode lasing. The microresonator features a smooth boundary and the same symmetry as a square resonator. A small variable-curvature microresonator with a radius of 4 μm can support the fundamental four-bounce mode and the circular-like mode simultaneously, with quality factors up to the order of 104 and 105, respectively. The dual modes in the phase space of the Poincaré surface of sections distribute far from each other and can maintain enough stability for dual-mode lasing. Furthermore, the refractive index and waveguide can modulate the dual-mode wavelength difference and quality factors efficiently thanks to the spatially separated fields of these two modes.Stable dual-mode semiconductor lasers can be applied for the photonic generation of microwave and terahertz waves. In this paper, the mode characteristics of a variable curvature microresonator are investigated by a two-dimensional finite element method for realizing stable dual-mode lasing. The microresonator features a smooth boundary and the same symmetry as a square resonator. A small variable-curvature microresonator with a radius of 4 μm can support the fundamental four-bounce mode and the circular-like mode simultaneously, with quality factors up to the order of 104 and 105, respectively. The dual modes in the phase space of the Poincaré surface of sections distribute far from each other and can maintain enough stability for dual-mode lasing. Furthermore, the refractive index and waveguide can modulate the dual-mode wavelength difference and quality factors efficiently thanks to the spatially separated fields of these two modes..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 17, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 695 (2017)
Intracavity biosensor based on the Nd:YAG waveguide laser: tumor cells and dextrose solutions
Guanhua Li, Huiyuan Li, Rumei Gong, Yang Tan, Javier Rodríguez Vázquez de Aldana, Yuping Sun, and Feng Chen
This work demonstrates the Nd:YAG waveguide laser as an efficient platform for the bio-sensing of dextrose solutions and tumor cells. The waveguide was fabricated in an Nd:YAG crystal with the cooperation of ultrafast laser writing and ion irradiation. The laser oscillation in the Nd:YAG waveguide is ultrasensitive to the external environment of the waveguide. Even a weak disturbance leads to a large variation of the output power of the laser. According to this feature, an Nd:YAG waveguide coated with graphene and WSe2 layers is used as substrate for the microfluidic channel. When the microflow crosses the Nd:YAG waveguide, the laser oscillation in the waveguide is disturbed and induces fluctuation of the output laser. According to the fluctuation, the microflow is detected with a sensitivity of 10 mW/RIU.This work demonstrates the Nd:YAG waveguide laser as an efficient platform for the bio-sensing of dextrose solutions and tumor cells. The waveguide was fabricated in an Nd:YAG crystal with the cooperation of ultrafast laser writing and ion irradiation. The laser oscillation in the Nd:YAG waveguide is ultrasensitive to the external environment of the waveguide. Even a weak disturbance leads to a large variation of the output power of the laser. According to this feature, an Nd:YAG waveguide coated with graphene and WSe2 layers is used as substrate for the microfluidic channel. When the microflow crosses the Nd:YAG waveguide, the laser oscillation in the waveguide is disturbed and induces fluctuation of the output laser. According to the fluctuation, the microflow is detected with a sensitivity of 10 mW/RIU..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 26, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 728 (2017)
Generating laser transverse modes analogous to quantum Green’s functions of two-dimensional harmonic oscillators
J. C. Tung, Y. H. Hsieh, T. Omatsu, K. F. Huang, and Y. F. Chen
We theoretically analyzed the relationship between quantum Green’s functions of two-dimensional harmonic oscillators and radial-order Laguerre–Gaussian laser modes of spherical resonators. By using a nearly hemispherical resonator and a tight focusing in the end-pumped solid-state laser, we successfully generated various laser transverse modes analogous to quantum Green’s functions. We further experimentally and numerically verified that the transverse order associated with quantum Green’s functions is noticeably raised with increasing the pump power induced by the thermal effect. More importantly, the high lasing efficiency and the salient structure enable the present laser source to be used in exploring the light–matter interaction.We theoretically analyzed the relationship between quantum Green’s functions of two-dimensional harmonic oscillators and radial-order Laguerre–Gaussian laser modes of spherical resonators. By using a nearly hemispherical resonator and a tight focusing in the end-pumped solid-state laser, we successfully generated various laser transverse modes analogous to quantum Green’s functions. We further experimentally and numerically verified that the transverse order associated with quantum Green’s functions is noticeably raised with increasing the pump power induced by the thermal effect. More importantly, the high lasing efficiency and the salient structure enable the present laser source to be used in exploring the light–matter interaction..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 29, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 733 (2017)
Bismuth-doped glass microsphere lasers
Zaijin Fang, Síle Nic Chormaic, Shanyu Wang, Xin Wang, Jibo Yu, Yuxuan Jiang, Jianrong Qiu, and Pengfei Wang
In this work, a hybrid structure consisting of a multicomponent germanate glass microsphere containing bismuth as a gain medium is proposed and presented. The bismuth-doped germanate glass microspheres were fabricated from a glass fiber tip with no precipitation of the bismuth metal. Coupling with a fiber taper, the bismuth-doped microsphere single-mode laser was observed to lase at around 1305.8 nm using 808 nm excitation. The low threshold of absorbed pump power at 215 μW makes this microlaser appealing for various applications, including tunable lasers for a range of purposes in telecommunication, biomedical, and optical information processing.In this work, a hybrid structure consisting of a multicomponent germanate glass microsphere containing bismuth as a gain medium is proposed and presented. The bismuth-doped germanate glass microspheres were fabricated from a glass fiber tip with no precipitation of the bismuth metal. Coupling with a fiber taper, the bismuth-doped microsphere single-mode laser was observed to lase at around 1305.8 nm using 808 nm excitation. The low threshold of absorbed pump power at 215 μW makes this microlaser appealing for various applications, including tunable lasers for a range of purposes in telecommunication, biomedical, and optical information processing..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 26, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 740 (2017)
Nonlinearity-tailored fiber laser technology for low-noise, ultra-wideband tunable femtosecond light generation
Xiaomin Liu, Jesper Laegsgaard, Roman Iegorov, Ask S. Svane, F. ?mer Ilday, Haohua Tu, Stephen A. Boppart, and Dmitry Turchinovich
The emission wavelength of a laser is physically predetermined by the gain medium used. Consequently, arbitrary wavelength generation is a fundamental challenge in the science of light. Present solutions include optical parametric generation, requiring complex optical setups and spectrally sliced supercontinuum, taking advantage of a simpler fiber technology: a fixed-wavelength pump laser pulse is converted into a spectrally very broadband output, from which the required resulting wavelength is then optically filtered. Unfortunately, this process is associated with an inherently poor noise figure, which often precludes many realistic applications of such supercontinuum sources. Here, we show that by adding only one passive optical element—a tapered photonic crystal fiber—to a fixed-wavelength femtosecond laser, one can in a very simple manner resonantly convert the laser emission wavelength into an ultra-wide and continuous range of desired wavelengths, with very low inherent noise, and without mechanical realignment of the laser. This is achieved by exploiting the double interplay of nonlinearity and chirp in the laser source and chirp and phase matching in the tapered fiber. As a first demonstration of this simple and inexpensive technology, we present a femtosecond fiber laser continuously tunable across the entire red–green–blue spectral range.The emission wavelength of a laser is physically predetermined by the gain medium used. Consequently, arbitrary wavelength generation is a fundamental challenge in the science of light. Present solutions include optical parametric generation, requiring complex optical setups and spectrally sliced supercontinuum, taking advantage of a simpler fiber technology: a fixed-wavelength pump laser pulse is converted into a spectrally very broadband output, from which the required resulting wavelength is then optically filtered. Unfortunately, this process is associated with an inherently poor noise figure, which often precludes many realistic applications of such supercontinuum sources. Here, we show that by adding only one passive optical element—a tapered photonic crystal fiber—to a fixed-wavelength femtosecond laser, one can in a very simple manner resonantly convert the laser emission wavelength into an ultra-wide and continuous range of desired wavelengths, with very low inherent noise, and without mechanical realignment of the laser. This is achieved by exploiting the double interplay of nonlinearity and chirp in the laser source and chirp and phase matching in the tapered fiber. As a first demonstration of this simple and inexpensive technology, we present a femtosecond fiber laser continuously tunable across the entire red–green–blue spectral range..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 26, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 750 (2017)
Materials
1.54 μm photoluminescence enhancenment of Er3+-doped ZnO films containing nc-Ge: joint effect from Er3+ local environment changing and energy transfer of nc-Ge
Ranran Fan, Fei Lu, and Kaikai Li
ZnO films containing Er and Ge nanocrystals (nc-Ge) were synthesized and their photoluminescence (PL) properties were studied. Visible and near-infrared PL intensities are found to be greatly increased in nc-Ge-containing film. Er-related 1.54 μm emission has been investigated under several excitation conditions upon different kinds of Ge, Er codoped ZnO thin films. 1.54 μm PL enhancement accompanied by the appearance of nc-Ge implies a significant correlation between nc-Ge and PL emission of Er3+. The increased intensity of 1.54 μm in Ge:Er:ZnO film is considered to come from the joint effect of the local potential distortion around Er3+ and the possible energy transfer from nc-Ge to Er3+.ZnO films containing Er and Ge nanocrystals (nc-Ge) were synthesized and their photoluminescence (PL) properties were studied. Visible and near-infrared PL intensities are found to be greatly increased in nc-Ge-containing film. Er-related 1.54 μm emission has been investigated under several excitation conditions upon different kinds of Ge, Er codoped ZnO thin films. 1.54 μm PL enhancement accompanied by the appearance of nc-Ge implies a significant correlation between nc-Ge and PL emission of Er3+. The increased intensity of 1.54 μm in Ge:Er:ZnO film is considered to come from the joint effect of the local potential distortion around Er3+ and the possible energy transfer from nc-Ge to Er3+..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 11, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 567 (2017)
Metamaterials
Tunable and multichannel terahertz perfect absorber due to Tamm surface plasmons with graphene
Xi Wang, Xing Jiang, Qi You, Jun Guo, Xiaoyu Dai, and Yuanjiang Xiang
In this paper, we have shown that perfect absorption at terahertz frequencies can be achieved by using a composite structure where graphene is coated on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) separated by a dielectric. Due to the excitation of optical Tamm states (OTSs) at the interface between the graphene and 1DPC, a strong absorption phenomenon occurs induced by the coupling of the incident light and OTSs. Although the perfect absorption produced by a metal–distributed Bragg reflector structure has been researched extensively, it is generally at a fixed frequency and not tunable. Here, we show that the perfect absorption at terahertz frequency not only can be tuned to different frequencies but also exhibits a high absorption over a wide angle range. In addition, the absorption of the proposed structure is insensitive to the polarization, and multichannel absorption can be realized by controlling the thickness of the top layer.In this paper, we have shown that perfect absorption at terahertz frequencies can be achieved by using a composite structure where graphene is coated on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) separated by a dielectric. Due to the excitation of optical Tamm states (OTSs) at the interface between the graphene and 1DPC, a strong absorption phenomenon occurs induced by the coupling of the incident light and OTSs. Although the perfect absorption produced by a metal–distributed Bragg reflector structure has been researched extensively, it is generally at a fixed frequency and not tunable. Here, we show that the perfect absorption at terahertz frequency not only can be tuned to different frequencies but also exhibits a high absorption over a wide angle range. In addition, the absorption of the proposed structure is insensitive to the polarization, and multichannel absorption can be realized by controlling the thickness of the top layer..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 11, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 000536 (2017)
Complex band structures of 1D anisotropic graphene photonic crystal
Limei Qi, and Chang Liu
The complex band structures of a 1D anisotropic graphene photonic crystal are investigated, and the dispersion relations are confirmed using the transfer matrix method and simulation of commercial software. It is found that the result of using effective medium theory can fit the derived dispersion curves in the low wave vector. Transmission, absorption, and reflection at oblique incident angles are studied for the structure, respectively. Omni-gaps exist for angles as high as 80° for two polarizations. Physical mechanisms of the tunable dispersion and transmission are explained by the permittivity of graphene and the effective permittivity of the multilayer structure.The complex band structures of a 1D anisotropic graphene photonic crystal are investigated, and the dispersion relations are confirmed using the transfer matrix method and simulation of commercial software. It is found that the result of using effective medium theory can fit the derived dispersion curves in the low wave vector. Transmission, absorption, and reflection at oblique incident angles are studied for the structure, respectively. Omni-gaps exist for angles as high as 80° for two polarizations. Physical mechanisms of the tunable dispersion and transmission are explained by the permittivity of graphene and the effective permittivity of the multilayer structure..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 05, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 543 (2017)
Ultrasensitive terahertz metamaterial sensor based on vertical split ring resonators
Wei Wang, Fengping Yan, Siyu Tan, Hong Zhou, and Yafei Hou
An ultrasensitive metamaterial sensor based on double-slot vertical split ring resonators (DVSRRs) is designed and numerically calculated in the terahertz frequency. This DVSRR design produces a fundament LC resonance with a quality factor of about 20 when the incidence magnetic field component normal to the DVSRR array. The resonant characteristics and sensing performance of the DVSRR array design are systematically analyzed employing a contrast method among three similar vertical split ring resonator (SRRs) structures. The research results show that the elimination of bianisotropy, induced by the structural symmetry of the DVSRR design, helps to achieve LC resonance of a high quality factor. Lifting the SRRs up from the substrate sharply reduces the dielectric loss introduced by the substrate. All these factors jointly result in superior sensitivity of the DVSRR to the attributes of analytes. The maximum refractive index sensitivity is 788 GHz/RIU or 1.04×105 nm/RIU. Also, the DVSRR sensor maintains its superior sensing performance for fabrication tolerance ranging from ?4% to 4% and wide range incidence angles up to 50° under both TE and TM illuminations.An ultrasensitive metamaterial sensor based on double-slot vertical split ring resonators (DVSRRs) is designed and numerically calculated in the terahertz frequency. This DVSRR design produces a fundament LC resonance with a quality factor of about 20 when the incidence magnetic field component normal to the DVSRR array. The resonant characteristics and sensing performance of the DVSRR array design are systematically analyzed employing a contrast method among three similar vertical split ring resonator (SRRs) structures. The research results show that the elimination of bianisotropy, induced by the structural symmetry of the DVSRR design, helps to achieve LC resonance of a high quality factor. Lifting the SRRs up from the substrate sharply reduces the dielectric loss introduced by the substrate. All these factors jointly result in superior sensitivity of the DVSRR to the attributes of analytes. The maximum refractive index sensitivity is 788 GHz/RIU or 1.04×105 nm/RIU. Also, the DVSRR sensor maintains its superior sensing performance for fabrication tolerance ranging from ?4% to 4% and wide range incidence angles up to 50° under both TE and TM illuminations..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 15, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 571 (2017)
Tunable spin splitting of Laguerre–Gaussian beams in graphene metamaterials
Wenguo Zhu, Mengjiang Jiang, Heyuan Guan, Jianhui Yu, Huihui Lu, Jun Zhang, and Zhe Chen
Optical spin splitting has attracted significant attention owing to its potential applications in quantum information and precision metrology. However, it is typically small and cannot be controlled efficiently. Here, we enhance the spin splitting by transmitting higher-order Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams through graphene metamaterial slabs. The interaction between LG beams and metamaterial results in an orbital-angular-momentum- (OAM) dependent spin splitting. The upper bound of the OAM-dependent spin splitting is found, which varies with the incident OAM and beam waist. Moreover, the spin splitting can be flexibly tuned by modulating the Fermi energy of the graphene sheets. This tunable spin splitting has potential applications in the development of spin-based applications and the manipulation of mid-infrared waves.Optical spin splitting has attracted significant attention owing to its potential applications in quantum information and precision metrology. However, it is typically small and cannot be controlled efficiently. Here, we enhance the spin splitting by transmitting higher-order Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams through graphene metamaterial slabs. The interaction between LG beams and metamaterial results in an orbital-angular-momentum- (OAM) dependent spin splitting. The upper bound of the OAM-dependent spin splitting is found, which varies with the incident OAM and beam waist. Moreover, the spin splitting can be flexibly tuned by modulating the Fermi energy of the graphene sheets. This tunable spin splitting has potential applications in the development of spin-based applications and the manipulation of mid-infrared waves..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 07, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 684 (2017)
Microwave Photonics
Microwave frequency upconversion employing a coupling-modulated ring resonator
Yiming Zhong, Linjie Zhou, Yanyang Zhou, Yujie Xia, Siqi Liu, Liangjun Lu, Jianping Chen, and Xingjun Wang
We present a method to generate a frequency-doubled microwave signal by employing a coupling-modulated ring resonator. Critical coupling is achieved when the resonator intrinsic loss is perfectly balanced by the external coupling enabled by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer coupler. The high suppression of the carrier leads to a clean two-tone optical signal with the frequency interval two times larger than that of the input microwave frequency. The beating of the two-tone signal at a photodiode generates the frequency upconverted microwave signal. A theoretical model is established to analyze the modulation process and the microwave signal generation. Experimental results show that the electrical harmonic suppression ratio is around ～20 dB (29 dB) for an input microwave signal with 5 dBm (10 dBm) power.We present a method to generate a frequency-doubled microwave signal by employing a coupling-modulated ring resonator. Critical coupling is achieved when the resonator intrinsic loss is perfectly balanced by the external coupling enabled by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer coupler. The high suppression of the carrier leads to a clean two-tone optical signal with the frequency interval two times larger than that of the input microwave frequency. The beating of the two-tone signal at a photodiode generates the frequency upconverted microwave signal. A theoretical model is established to analyze the modulation process and the microwave signal generation. Experimental results show that the electrical harmonic suppression ratio is around ～20 dB (29 dB) for an input microwave signal with 5 dBm (10 dBm) power..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 17, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 689 (2017)
Nonlinear Optics
Robust generation of frequency combs in a microresonator with strong and narrowband loss
Jing Wang, Zhaohong Han, Yuhao Guo, Lionel C. Kimerling, Jurgen Michel, Anuradha M. Agarwal, Guifang Li, and Lin Zhang
Octave-spanning frequency comb generation in microresonators is promising, but strong spectral losses caused by material absorption and mode coupling between two polarizations or mode families can be detrimental. We examine the impact of the spectral loss and propose robust comb generation with a loss of even 300 dB/cm. Cavity nonlinear dynamics show that a phase change associated with spectral losses can facilitate phase matching and Kerr comb generation. Given this unique capability, we propose a novel architecture of on-chip spectroscopy systems.Octave-spanning frequency comb generation in microresonators is promising, but strong spectral losses caused by material absorption and mode coupling between two polarizations or mode families can be detrimental. We examine the impact of the spectral loss and propose robust comb generation with a loss of even 300 dB/cm. Cavity nonlinear dynamics show that a phase change associated with spectral losses can facilitate phase matching and Kerr comb generation. Given this unique capability, we propose a novel architecture of on-chip spectroscopy systems..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Aug. 25, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 552 (2017)
Harmonic dissipative soliton resonance pulses in a fiber ring laser at different values of anomalous dispersion
Yanjia Lyu, Hongxia Shi, Chen Wei, Heping Li, Jianfeng Li, and Yong Liu
The pulse dynamics of harmonic mode-locking in a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) region in an erbium-doped fiber ring laser is investigated at different values of anomalous dispersion. The fiber laser is mode-locked by a nonlinear polarization rotation technique. By inserting 0–200 m anomalous dispersion single-mode fiber in the laser cavity, the cavity length is changed from 17.3 to 217.3 m, and the corresponding dispersion of the cavity ranges from ?0.27 to ?4.67 ps2. The observed results show that the tuning range of repetition rate under a harmonic DSR condition is highly influenced by the cavity dispersion. Furthermore, it is found that, by automatically adjusting their harmonic orders, the lasers can work at certain values of repetition rate, which are independent of the cavity length and dispersion. The pulses at the same repetition rate in different laser configurations have similar properties, demonstrating that each achievable repetition rate represents an operation regime of harmonic DSR lasers.The pulse dynamics of harmonic mode-locking in a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) region in an erbium-doped fiber ring laser is investigated at different values of anomalous dispersion. The fiber laser is mode-locked by a nonlinear polarization rotation technique. By inserting 0–200 m anomalous dispersion single-mode fiber in the laser cavity, the cavity length is changed from 17.3 to 217.3 m, and the corresponding dispersion of the cavity ranges from ?0.27 to ?4.67 ps2. The observed results show that the tuning range of repetition rate under a harmonic DSR condition is highly influenced by the cavity dispersion. Furthermore, it is found that, by automatically adjusting their harmonic orders, the lasers can work at certain values of repetition rate, which are independent of the cavity length and dispersion. The pulses at the same repetition rate in different laser configurations have similar properties, demonstrating that each achievable repetition rate represents an operation regime of harmonic DSR lasers..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 27, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 612 (2017)
Sum-frequency generation in on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators
Zhenzhong Hao, Jie Wang, Shuqiong Ma, Wenbo Mao, Fang Bo, Feng Gao, Guoquan Zhang, and Jingjun Xu
We report the first observation, to the best of our knowledge, of sum-frequency generation in on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators. The sum-frequency signal in the 780 nm band, distinct in wavelength from second-harmonic signals, was obtained in lithium niobate microresonators under the pump of two individual 1550 nm band lasers. The sum-frequency conversion efficiency was measured to be 1.4×10?7 mW?1. The dependence of the intensities of the nonlinear signals on the total pump power and the wavelength of one pump laser was investigated while fixing the wavelength of the other. This work paves the way for applications of on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators ranging from infrared single-photon detection to infrared spectroscopy.We report the first observation, to the best of our knowledge, of sum-frequency generation in on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators. The sum-frequency signal in the 780 nm band, distinct in wavelength from second-harmonic signals, was obtained in lithium niobate microresonators under the pump of two individual 1550 nm band lasers. The sum-frequency conversion efficiency was measured to be 1.4×10?7 mW?1. The dependence of the intensities of the nonlinear signals on the total pump power and the wavelength of one pump laser was investigated while fixing the wavelength of the other. This work paves the way for applications of on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators ranging from infrared single-photon detection to infrared spectroscopy..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 13, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 623 (2017)
Improved third-order nonlinear effect in graphene based on bound states in the continuum
Tiecheng Wang, and Xiangdong Zhang
The scattering matrix theory has been developed to calculate the third-order nonlinear effect in sphere-graphene-slab structures. By designing structural parameters, we have demonstrated that the incident electromagnetic wave can be well confined in the graphene in these structures due to the formation of a bound state in the continuum (BIC) of radiation modes. Based on such a bound state, third-harmonic (TH) generation and four-wave mixing (FWM) have been studied. It is found that the efficiency of TH generation in monolayer graphene can be enhanced about 7 orders of magnitude. It is interesting that we can design structure parameters to make all beams (the pump beam, probe beam, and generated FWM signal) be BICs at the same time. In such a case, the efficiency of FWM in monolayer graphene can be enhanced about 9 orders of magnitude. Both the TH and FWM signals are sensitive to the wavelength, and possess high Q factors, which exhibit very good monochromaticity. By taking suitable BICs, the selective generation of TH and FWM signals for S- and P-polarized waves can also be realized, which is beneficial for the design of optical devices.The scattering matrix theory has been developed to calculate the third-order nonlinear effect in sphere-graphene-slab structures. By designing structural parameters, we have demonstrated that the incident electromagnetic wave can be well confined in the graphene in these structures due to the formation of a bound state in the continuum (BIC) of radiation modes. Based on such a bound state, third-harmonic (TH) generation and four-wave mixing (FWM) have been studied. It is found that the efficiency of TH generation in monolayer graphene can be enhanced about 7 orders of magnitude. It is interesting that we can design structure parameters to make all beams (the pump beam, probe beam, and generated FWM signal) be BICs at the same time. In such a case, the efficiency of FWM in monolayer graphene can be enhanced about 9 orders of magnitude. Both the TH and FWM signals are sensitive to the wavelength, and possess high Q factors, which exhibit very good monochromaticity. By taking suitable BICs, the selective generation of TH and FWM signals for S- and P-polarized waves can also be realized, which is beneficial for the design of optical devices..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 19, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 629 (2017)
Frequency-domain parametric downconversion for efficient broadened idler generation
Ying Li, Yuhai Liang, Dahua Dai, Jianlong Yang, Haizhe Zhong, and Dianyuan Fan
An opposite-chirped frequency-domain optical parametric amplification (OC-FOPA) design is demonstrated and numerically verified. This scheme combines both an ultrabroad seeding generation and the subsequent effective amplification in one single optical parametric amplification stage. Based on a slightly asymmetrical 4-f optical system, the spectral contents of both pump and signal waves are spectrally dispersed with opposite spatial chirps, to broaden the initial idler seeding. Via a properly designed fan-out periodically poled LiNbO3 chip, nearly perfect quasi phase matching can be realized across the full spectrum, whereby each individual spectral pair precisely maps to its required grating period. Full-dimensional simulations based on commercial ～110 fs (FWHM) near-infrared (near-IR) lasers at 790 and 1030 nm are quantitatively discussed, and few-cycle mid-IR laser pulses (～60 fs at 3.4 μm) plus a high conversion efficiency exceeding 50% are theoretically predicted. By means of a high-power pump source, the OC-FOPA scheme can be also applied to directly produce high-intensity carrier-envelope-phase-stabilized mid-IR idler pulses.An opposite-chirped frequency-domain optical parametric amplification (OC-FOPA) design is demonstrated and numerically verified. This scheme combines both an ultrabroad seeding generation and the subsequent effective amplification in one single optical parametric amplification stage. Based on a slightly asymmetrical 4-f optical system, the spectral contents of both pump and signal waves are spectrally dispersed with opposite spatial chirps, to broaden the initial idler seeding. Via a properly designed fan-out periodically poled LiNbO3 chip, nearly perfect quasi phase matching can be realized across the full spectrum, whereby each individual spectral pair precisely maps to its required grating period. Full-dimensional simulations based on commercial ～110 fs (FWHM) near-infrared (near-IR) lasers at 790 and 1030 nm are quantitatively discussed, and few-cycle mid-IR laser pulses (～60 fs at 3.4 μm) plus a high conversion efficiency exceeding 50% are theoretically predicted. By means of a high-power pump source, the OC-FOPA scheme can be also applied to directly produce high-intensity carrier-envelope-phase-stabilized mid-IR idler pulses..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 669 (2017)
Coherent supercontinuum generation in soft glass photonic crystal fibers
Mariusz Klimczak, Bart?omiej Siwicki, Alexander Heidt, and Ryszard Buczyński
An overview of the progress on pulse-preserving, coherent, nonlinear fiber-based supercontinuum generation is presented. The context encompasses various wavelength ranges and pump sources, starting with silica photonic crystal fibers pumped with 1.0 μm femtosecond lasers up to chalcogenide step-index and microstructured fibers pumped from optical parametric amplifiers tuned to mid-infrared wavelengths. In particular, silica and silicate-based all-normal dispersion (ANDi) photonic crystal fibers have been demonstrated for pumping with femtosecond lasers operating at 1.56 μm with the recorded spectra covering 0.9–2.3 μm. This matches amplification bands of robust fiber amplifiers and femtosecond lasers. The review therefore focuses specifically on this wavelength range, discussing glass and nonlinear fiber designs, experimental results on supercontinuum generation up to the fundamental limit of oxide glass fiber transmission around 2.8 μm, and various limitations of supercontinuum bandwidth and coherence. Specifically, the role of nonlinear response against the role of dispersion profile shape is analyzed for two different soft glass ANDi fibers pumped at more than 2.0 μm. A spatio-temporal interaction of the fundamental fiber mode with modes propagating in the photonic lattice of the discussed ANDi fibers is shown to have positive effects on the coherence of the supercontinuum at pump pulse durations of 400 fs. Finally, the design and development of graded-index, nanostructured core optical fibers are discussed. In such structures the arbitrary shaping of the core refractive index profile could significantly improve the engineering flexibility of dispersion and effective mode area characteristics, and would be an interesting platform to further study the intermodal interaction mechanisms and their impact on supercontinuum coherence for sub-picosecond laser pumped setups.An overview of the progress on pulse-preserving, coherent, nonlinear fiber-based supercontinuum generation is presented. The context encompasses various wavelength ranges and pump sources, starting with silica photonic crystal fibers pumped with 1.0 μm femtosecond lasers up to chalcogenide step-index and microstructured fibers pumped from optical parametric amplifiers tuned to mid-infrared wavelengths. In particular, silica and silicate-based all-normal dispersion (ANDi) photonic crystal fibers have been demonstrated for pumping with femtosecond lasers operating at 1.56 μm with the recorded spectra covering 0.9–2.3 μm. This matches amplification bands of robust fiber amplifiers and femtosecond lasers. The review therefore focuses specifically on this wavelength range, discussing glass and nonlinear fiber designs, experimental results on supercontinuum generation up to the fundamental limit of oxide glass fiber transmission around 2.8 μm, and various limitations of supercontinuum bandwidth and coherence. Specifically, the role of nonlinear response against the role of dispersion profile shape is analyzed for two different soft glass ANDi fibers pumped at more than 2.0 μm. A spatio-temporal interaction of the fundamental fiber mode with modes propagating in the photonic lattice of the discussed ANDi fibers is shown to have positive effects on the coherence of the supercontinuum at pump pulse durations of 400 fs. Finally, the design and development of graded-index, nanostructured core optical fibers are discussed. In such structures the arbitrary shaping of the core refractive index profile could significantly improve the engineering flexibility of dispersion and effective mode area characteristics, and would be an interesting platform to further study the intermodal interaction mechanisms and their impact on supercontinuum coherence for sub-picosecond laser pumped setups..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 23, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 710 (2017)
OPTICAL MICROCAVITIES
Unidirectional lasing in semiconductor microring lasers at an exceptional point [Invited]
Stefano Longhi, and Liang Feng
Recent experiments demonstrated that chiral symmetry breaking at an exceptional point (EP) is a viable route to achieve unidirectional laser emission in microring lasers. By a detailed semiconductor laser rate equation model, we show here that unidirectional laser emission at an EP is a robust regime. Slight deviations from the EP condition can break preferential unidirectional lasing near threshold via a Hopf instability. However, above a “second” laser threshold, unidirectional emission is restored.Recent experiments demonstrated that chiral symmetry breaking at an exceptional point (EP) is a viable route to achieve unidirectional laser emission in microring lasers. By a detailed semiconductor laser rate equation model, we show here that unidirectional laser emission at an EP is a robust regime. Slight deviations from the EP condition can break preferential unidirectional lasing near threshold via a Hopf instability. However, above a “second” laser threshold, unidirectional emission is restored..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jun. 23, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B1 (2017)
Optical microcavities: new understandings and developments
Li Ge, Liang Feng, and Harald G. L. Schwefel
Optical microcavities have attracted tremendous interest in both fundamental and applied research in the past few decades, thanks to their small footprint, easy integrability, and high quality factors. Using total internal reflection from a dielectric interface or a photonic band gap in a periodic system, these photonic structures do not rely on conventional metal-coated mirrors to confine light in small volumes, which have brought forth new developments in both classical and quantum optics. This focus issue showcases several such developments and related findings, which may pave the way for the next generation of on-chip photonic devices based on microcavities.Optical microcavities have attracted tremendous interest in both fundamental and applied research in the past few decades, thanks to their small footprint, easy integrability, and high quality factors. Using total internal reflection from a dielectric interface or a photonic band gap in a periodic system, these photonic structures do not rely on conventional metal-coated mirrors to confine light in small volumes, which have brought forth new developments in both classical and quantum optics. This focus issue showcases several such developments and related findings, which may pave the way for the next generation of on-chip photonic devices based on microcavities..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, OM1 (2017)
Tensile-strained Ge/SiGe multiple quantum well microdisks
Xiaochi Chen, Colleen S. Fenrich, Muyu Xue, Ming-Yen Kao, Kai Zang, Ching-Ying Lu, Edward T. Fei, Yusi Chen, Yijie Huo, Theodore I. Kamins, and James S. Harris
An efficient monolithically integrated laser on Si remains the missing component to enable Si photonics. We discuss the design and fabrication of suspended and tensile-strained Ge/SiGe multiple quantum well microdisk resonators on Si for laser applications in Si photonics using an all-around SiNx stressor. An etch-stop technique in the Ge/SiGe system is demonstrated and allows the capability of removing the defective buffer layer as well as providing precise thickness control of the resonators. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy indicate that we have achieved a biaxial tensile strain shift as high as 0.88% in the microdisk resonators by adding a high-stress SiNx layer. Optical gain calculations show that high positive net gain can be achieved in Ge quantum wells with 1% external biaxial tensile strain.An efficient monolithically integrated laser on Si remains the missing component to enable Si photonics. We discuss the design and fabrication of suspended and tensile-strained Ge/SiGe multiple quantum well microdisk resonators on Si for laser applications in Si photonics using an all-around SiNx stressor. An etch-stop technique in the Ge/SiGe system is demonstrated and allows the capability of removing the defective buffer layer as well as providing precise thickness control of the resonators. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy indicate that we have achieved a biaxial tensile strain shift as high as 0.88% in the microdisk resonators by adding a high-stress SiNx layer. Optical gain calculations show that high positive net gain can be achieved in Ge quantum wells with 1% external biaxial tensile strain..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Aug. 05, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B7 (2017)
Genetically optimized on-chip wideband ultracompact reflectors and Fabry–Perot cavities
Zejie Yu, Haoran Cui, and Xiankai Sun
Reflectors are an essential component for on-chip integrated photonics. Here, we propose a new method for designing reflectors on the prevalent thin-film-on-insulator platform by using genetic-algorithm optimization. In simulation, the designed reflector with a footprint of only 2.16 μm×2.16 μm can achieve ～97% reflectivity and 1 dB bandwidth as wide as 220 nm. The structure is composed of randomly distributed pixels and is highly robust against the inevitable corner rounding effect in device fabrication. In experiment, we fabricated on-chip Fabry–Perot (FP) cavities constructed from optimized reflectors. Those FP cavities have intrinsic quality factors of >2000 with the highest value beyond 4000 in a spectral width of 200 nm. The reflectivity fitted from the FP cavity resonances is >85% in the entire wavelength range of 1440–1640 nm and is beyond 95% at some wavelengths. The fabrication processes are CMOS compatible and require only one step of lithography and etch. The devices can be used as a standard module in integrated photonic circuitry for wide applications in on-chip semiconductor laser structures and optical signal processing.Reflectors are an essential component for on-chip integrated photonics. Here, we propose a new method for designing reflectors on the prevalent thin-film-on-insulator platform by using genetic-algorithm optimization. In simulation, the designed reflector with a footprint of only 2.16 μm×2.16 μm can achieve ～97% reflectivity and 1 dB bandwidth as wide as 220 nm. The structure is composed of randomly distributed pixels and is highly robust against the inevitable corner rounding effect in device fabrication. In experiment, we fabricated on-chip Fabry–Perot (FP) cavities constructed from optimized reflectors. Those FP cavities have intrinsic quality factors of >2000 with the highest value beyond 4000 in a spectral width of 200 nm. The reflectivity fitted from the FP cavity resonances is >85% in the entire wavelength range of 1440–1640 nm and is beyond 95% at some wavelengths. The fabrication processes are CMOS compatible and require only one step of lithography and etch. The devices can be used as a standard module in integrated photonic circuitry for wide applications in on-chip semiconductor laser structures and optical signal processing..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 07, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B15 (2017)
Constructing the scattering matrix for optical microcavities as a nonlocal boundary value problem
Li Ge
We develop a numerical scheme to construct the scattering (S) matrix for optical microcavities, including the special cases with parity-time and other non-Hermitian symmetries. This scheme incorporates the explicit form of a nonlocal boundary condition, with the incident light represented by an inhomogeneous term. This approach resolves the artifact of a discontinuous normal derivative typically found in the R-matrix method. In addition, we show that, by excluding the aforementioned inhomogeneous term, the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in our approach also determines the Periels–Kapur states, and it constitutes an alternative approach to derive the standard R-matrix result in this basis. Therefore, our scheme provides a convenient framework to explore the benefits of both approaches. We illustrate this boundary value problem using 1D and 2D scalar Helmholtz equations. The eigenvalues and poles of the S matrix calculated using our approach show good agreement with results obtained by other means.We develop a numerical scheme to construct the scattering (S) matrix for optical microcavities, including the special cases with parity-time and other non-Hermitian symmetries. This scheme incorporates the explicit form of a nonlocal boundary condition, with the incident light represented by an inhomogeneous term. This approach resolves the artifact of a discontinuous normal derivative typically found in the R-matrix method. In addition, we show that, by excluding the aforementioned inhomogeneous term, the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in our approach also determines the Periels–Kapur states, and it constitutes an alternative approach to derive the standard R-matrix result in this basis. Therefore, our scheme provides a convenient framework to explore the benefits of both approaches. We illustrate this boundary value problem using 1D and 2D scalar Helmholtz equations. The eigenvalues and poles of the S matrix calculated using our approach show good agreement with results obtained by other means..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 17, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B20 (2017)
Single-mode lasing via loss engineering in fiber-taper-coupled polymer bottle microresonators
Fuming Xie, Ni Yao, Wei Fang, Haifeng Wang, Fuxing Gu, and Songlin Zhuang
Due to the lack of mode selection capability, single whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasing is a challenge to achieve. In bottle microresonators, the highly nondegenerated WGMs are spatially well-separated along the long-axis direction and provide mode selection according to their axial mode numbers. In this work, we use a loss-engineering approach to suppress the higher-order WGMs and demonstrate single-mode lasing emission in small polymer bottle microresonators. The fiber tapers are not only used to couple pump light into the bottle microresonators to excite the WGMs but also to bring optical losses that are induced from the diameter mismatch between fiber tapers and microresonators. By adjusting the coupling positions, the diameters of fiber tapers, and the coupling angles, single fundamental-mode lasing is efficiently generated with side-mode suppression factors over 15 dB. Our loss-engineering approach is convenient just by moving the fiber taper and may find promising applications in miniature tunable single-mode lasers and sensors.Due to the lack of mode selection capability, single whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasing is a challenge to achieve. In bottle microresonators, the highly nondegenerated WGMs are spatially well-separated along the long-axis direction and provide mode selection according to their axial mode numbers. In this work, we use a loss-engineering approach to suppress the higher-order WGMs and demonstrate single-mode lasing emission in small polymer bottle microresonators. The fiber tapers are not only used to couple pump light into the bottle microresonators to excite the WGMs but also to bring optical losses that are induced from the diameter mismatch between fiber tapers and microresonators. By adjusting the coupling positions, the diameters of fiber tapers, and the coupling angles, single fundamental-mode lasing is efficiently generated with side-mode suppression factors over 15 dB. Our loss-engineering approach is convenient just by moving the fiber taper and may find promising applications in miniature tunable single-mode lasers and sensors..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 13, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B29 (2017)
LED-pumped whispering-gallery laser
Simon J. Herr, Karsten Buse, and Ingo Breunig
A low-cost light-emitting diode (LED) is sufficient to pump a quasi-continuous-wave bidirectional high-Q whispering-gallery resonator laser made of Nd:YVO4. This is remarkable because of the very limited spatial and spectral coherence of an LED. The LED, delivering up to 3.5 W, centered around 810 nm, is turned on in intervals of 100 μs duration, and for these periods a laser output exceeding 0.8 mW has been verified. Furthermore, 0.1-s-long laser pulses are demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an LED-pumped high-Q whispering-gallery laser. The concept can be extended easily to other laser active materials. A prospect is also to pump several of such lasers with a single LED.A low-cost light-emitting diode (LED) is sufficient to pump a quasi-continuous-wave bidirectional high-Q whispering-gallery resonator laser made of Nd:YVO4. This is remarkable because of the very limited spatial and spectral coherence of an LED. The LED, delivering up to 3.5 W, centered around 810 nm, is turned on in intervals of 100 μs duration, and for these periods a laser output exceeding 0.8 mW has been verified. Furthermore, 0.1-s-long laser pulses are demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an LED-pumped high-Q whispering-gallery laser. The concept can be extended easily to other laser active materials. A prospect is also to pump several of such lasers with a single LED..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B34 (2017)
Universal single-mode lasing in fully chaotic two-dimensional microcavity lasers under continuous-wave operation with large pumping power [Invited]
Takahisa Harayama, Satoshi Sunada, and Susumu Shinohara
For a fully chaotic two-dimensional (2D) microcavity laser, we present a theory that guarantees both the existence of a stable single-mode lasing state and the nonexistence of a stable multimode lasing state, under the assumptions that the cavity size is much larger than the wavelength and the external pumping power is sufficiently large. It is theoretically shown that these universal spectral characteristics arise from the synergistic effect of two different kinds of nonlinearities: deformation of the cavity shape and mode interaction due to a lasing medium. Our theory is based on the linear stability analysis of stationary states for the Maxwell–Bloch equations and accounts for single-mode lasing phenomena observed in real and numerical experiments of fully chaotic 2D microcavity lasers.For a fully chaotic two-dimensional (2D) microcavity laser, we present a theory that guarantees both the existence of a stable single-mode lasing state and the nonexistence of a stable multimode lasing state, under the assumptions that the cavity size is much larger than the wavelength and the external pumping power is sufficiently large. It is theoretically shown that these universal spectral characteristics arise from the synergistic effect of two different kinds of nonlinearities: deformation of the cavity shape and mode interaction due to a lasing medium. Our theory is based on the linear stability analysis of stationary states for the Maxwell–Bloch equations and accounts for single-mode lasing phenomena observed in real and numerical experiments of fully chaotic 2D microcavity lasers..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 24, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B39 (2017)
Self-adjustment of a nonlinear lasing mode to a pumped area in a two-dimensional microcavity [Invited]
Yuta Kawashima, Susumu Shinohara, Satoshi Sunada, and Takahisa Harayama
We numerically performed wave dynamical simulations based on the Maxwell–Bloch (MB) model for a quadrupole-deformed microcavity laser with spatially selective pumping. We demonstrate the appearance of an asymmetric lasing mode whose spatial pattern violates both the x- and y-axes mirror symmetries of the cavity. Dynamical simulations revealed that a lasing mode consisting of a clockwise or counterclockwise rotating-wave component is a stable stationary solution of the MB model. From the results of a passive-cavity mode analysis, we interpret these asymmetric rotating-wave lasing modes by the locking of four nearly degenerate passive-cavity modes. For comparison, we carried out simulations for a uniform pumping case and found a different locking rule for the nearly degenerate modes. Our results demonstrate a nonlinear dynamical mechanism for the formation of a lasing mode that adjusts its pattern to a pumped area.We numerically performed wave dynamical simulations based on the Maxwell–Bloch (MB) model for a quadrupole-deformed microcavity laser with spatially selective pumping. We demonstrate the appearance of an asymmetric lasing mode whose spatial pattern violates both the x- and y-axes mirror symmetries of the cavity. Dynamical simulations revealed that a lasing mode consisting of a clockwise or counterclockwise rotating-wave component is a stable stationary solution of the MB model. From the results of a passive-cavity mode analysis, we interpret these asymmetric rotating-wave lasing modes by the locking of four nearly degenerate passive-cavity modes. For comparison, we carried out simulations for a uniform pumping case and found a different locking rule for the nearly degenerate modes. Our results demonstrate a nonlinear dynamical mechanism for the formation of a lasing mode that adjusts its pattern to a pumped area..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 31, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B47 (2017)
Kerr frequency combs in large-size, ultra-high-Q toroid microcavities with low repetition rates [Invited]
Jiyang Ma, Xiaoshun Jiang, and Min Xiao
By overcoming fabrication limitations, we have successfully fabricated silica toroid microcavities with both large diameter (of 1.88 mm) and ultra-high-Q factor (of 3.3×108) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. By employing these resonators, we have further demonstrated low-threshold Kerr frequency combs on a silicon chip, which allow us to obtain a repetition rate as low as 36 GHz. Such a low repetition rate frequency comb can now be directly measured through a commercialized optical-electronic detector.By overcoming fabrication limitations, we have successfully fabricated silica toroid microcavities with both large diameter (of 1.88 mm) and ultra-high-Q factor (of 3.3×108) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. By employing these resonators, we have further demonstrated low-threshold Kerr frequency combs on a silicon chip, which allow us to obtain a repetition rate as low as 36 GHz. Such a low repetition rate frequency comb can now be directly measured through a commercialized optical-electronic detector..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 31, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, B54 (2017)
Photodetectors
High-efficiency normal-incidence vertical p-i-n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator platform
Yiding Lin, Kwang Hong Lee, Shuyu Bao, Xin Guo, Hong Wang, Jurgen Michel, and Chuan Seng Tan
In this paper, normal incidence vertical p-i-n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator (GOI) platform were demonstrated. The vertical p-i-n structure was realized by ion-implanting boron and arsenic at the bottom and top of the Ge layer, respectively, during the GOI fabrication. Abrupt doping profiles were verified in the transferred high-quality Ge layer. The photodetectors exhibit a dark current density of ～47 mA/cm2 at ?1 V and an optical responsivity of 0.39 A/W at 1550 nm, which are improved compared with state-of-the-art demonstrated GOI photodetectors. An internal quantum efficiency of ～97% indicates excellent carrier collection efficiency of the device. The photodetectors with mesa diameter of 60 μm exhibit a 3 dB bandwidth of ～1 GHz, which agrees well with theoretical calculations. The bandwidth is expected to improve to ～32 GHz with mesa diameter of 10 μm. This work could be similarly extended to GOI platforms with other intermediate layers and potentially enrich the functional diversity of GOI for near-infrared sensing and communication integrated with Ge CMOS and mid-infrared photonics.In this paper, normal incidence vertical p-i-n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator (GOI) platform were demonstrated. The vertical p-i-n structure was realized by ion-implanting boron and arsenic at the bottom and top of the Ge layer, respectively, during the GOI fabrication. Abrupt doping profiles were verified in the transferred high-quality Ge layer. The photodetectors exhibit a dark current density of ～47 mA/cm2 at ?1 V and an optical responsivity of 0.39 A/W at 1550 nm, which are improved compared with state-of-the-art demonstrated GOI photodetectors. An internal quantum efficiency of ～97% indicates excellent carrier collection efficiency of the device. The photodetectors with mesa diameter of 60 μm exhibit a 3 dB bandwidth of ～1 GHz, which agrees well with theoretical calculations. The bandwidth is expected to improve to ～32 GHz with mesa diameter of 10 μm. This work could be similarly extended to GOI platforms with other intermediate layers and potentially enrich the functional diversity of GOI for near-infrared sensing and communication integrated with Ge CMOS and mid-infrared photonics..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 21, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 702 (2017)
Physical Optics
Redistributing the energy flow of tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields
Xu-Zhen Gao, Yue Pan, Guan-Lin Zhang, Meng-Dan Zhao, Zhi-Cheng Ren, Chen-Ghou Tu, Yong-Nan Li, and Hui-Tian Wang
The redistribution of the energy flow of tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields is presented. We theoretically design and experimentally generate this kind of ellipticity-variant vector optical field, and further explore the redistribution of the energy flow in the focal plane by designing different phase masks including fanlike phase masks and vortex phase masks on them. The flexibly controlled transverse energy flow rings of the tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields with and without phase masks can be used to transport multiple absorptive particles along certain paths, which may be widely applied in optical trapping and manipulation.The redistribution of the energy flow of tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields is presented. We theoretically design and experimentally generate this kind of ellipticity-variant vector optical field, and further explore the redistribution of the energy flow in the focal plane by designing different phase masks including fanlike phase masks and vortex phase masks on them. The flexibly controlled transverse energy flow rings of the tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields with and without phase masks can be used to transport multiple absorptive particles along certain paths, which may be widely applied in optical trapping and manipulation..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 29, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 640 (2017)
Silicon Photonics
Post-fabrication phase trimming of Mach–Zehnder interferometers by laser annealing of germanium implanted waveguides
Xia Chen, Milan M. Milosevic, David J. Thomson, Ali Z. Khokhar, Yohann Franz, Antoine F. J. Runge, Sakellaris Mailis, Anna C. Peacock, and Graham T. Reed
We demonstrate a novel high-accuracy post-fabrication trimming technique to fine-tune the phase of integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometers, enabling permanent correction of typical fabrication-based phase errors. The effective index change of the optical mode is 0.19 in our measurement, which is approximately an order of magnitude improvement compared to previous work with similar excess optical loss. Our measurement results suggest that a phase accuracy of 0.078 rad was achievable with active feedback control.We demonstrate a novel high-accuracy post-fabrication trimming technique to fine-tune the phase of integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometers, enabling permanent correction of typical fabrication-based phase errors. The effective index change of the optical mode is 0.19 in our measurement, which is approximately an order of magnitude improvement compared to previous work with similar excess optical loss. Our measurement results suggest that a phase accuracy of 0.078 rad was achievable with active feedback control..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 11, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 578 (2017)
Spectroscopy
Tip-enhanced photoluminescence spectroscopy of monolayer MoS2
Lingyan Meng, and Mengtao Sun
Probing the optical properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is vital to its application in plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy, catalysts, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we theoretically studied the Raman and fluorescence properties of monolayer MoS2 using tip-enhanced spectroscopy (TES). In the strong-coupling TES system, the Raman and fluorescence enhancement factors can be turned to as high as 4.5×108 and 3.3×103, respectively, by optimizing the tip–MoS2-film distance. Our theoretical results not only help to deeply understand the TES properties of monolayer MoS2, but also provide better guidance on the applications of the novel two-dimensional material.Probing the optical properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is vital to its application in plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy, catalysts, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we theoretically studied the Raman and fluorescence properties of monolayer MoS2 using tip-enhanced spectroscopy (TES). In the strong-coupling TES system, the Raman and fluorescence enhancement factors can be turned to as high as 4.5×108 and 3.3×103, respectively, by optimizing the tip–MoS2-film distance. Our theoretical results not only help to deeply understand the TES properties of monolayer MoS2, but also provide better guidance on the applications of the novel two-dimensional material..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 31, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 745 (2017)
Surface Plasmons
Actively controllable terahertz switches with graphene-based nongroove gratings
Linbao Luo, Kuiyuan Wang, Caiwang Ge, Kai Guo, Fei Shen, Zhiping Yin, and Zhongyi Guo
We systematically investigated the tunable dynamic characteristics of a broadband surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave on a silicon-graded grating structure in the range of 10–40 THz with the aid of single-layer graphene. The theoretical and numerical simulated results demonstrate that the SPPs at different frequencies within a broadband range can be trapped at different positions on the graphene surface, which can be used as a broadband spectrometer and optical switch. Meanwhile, the group velocity of the SPPs can be modulated to be several hundred times smaller than light velocity in vacuum. Based on the theoretical analyses, we have predicted the trapping positions and corresponding group velocities of the SPP waves with different frequencies. By appropriately tuning the gate voltages, the trapped SPP waves can be released to propagate along the surface of graphene or out of the graded grating zone. Thus, we have also investigated the switching characteristics of the slow light system, where the optical switching can be controlled as an “off” or “on” mode by actively adjusting the gate voltage. The slow light system offers advantages, including broadband operation, ultracompact footprint, and tunable ability simultaneously, which holds great promise for applications in optical switches.We systematically investigated the tunable dynamic characteristics of a broadband surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave on a silicon-graded grating structure in the range of 10–40 THz with the aid of single-layer graphene. The theoretical and numerical simulated results demonstrate that the SPPs at different frequencies within a broadband range can be trapped at different positions on the graphene surface, which can be used as a broadband spectrometer and optical switch. Meanwhile, the group velocity of the SPPs can be modulated to be several hundred times smaller than light velocity in vacuum. Based on the theoretical analyses, we have predicted the trapping positions and corresponding group velocities of the SPP waves with different frequencies. By appropriately tuning the gate voltages, the trapped SPP waves can be released to propagate along the surface of graphene or out of the graded grating zone. Thus, we have also investigated the switching characteristics of the slow light system, where the optical switching can be controlled as an “off” or “on” mode by actively adjusting the gate voltage. The slow light system offers advantages, including broadband operation, ultracompact footprint, and tunable ability simultaneously, which holds great promise for applications in optical switches..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Sep. 03, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 604 (2017)
High-sensitivity integrated devices based on surface plasmon resonance for sensing applications
Mahmoud H. Elshorbagy, Alexander Cuadrado, and Javier Alda
A metallic nanostructured array that scatters radiation toward a thin metallic layer generates surface plasmon resonances for normally incident light. The location of the minimum of the spectral reflectivity serves to detect changes in the index of refraction of the medium under analysis. The normal incidence operation eases its integration with optical fibers. The geometry of the arrangement and the material selection are changed to optimize some performance parameters as sensitivity, figure of merit, field enhancement, and spectral width. This optimization takes into account the feasibility of the fabrication. The evaluated results of sensitivity (1020 nm/RIU) and figure of merit (614 RIU?1) are competitive with those previously reported.A metallic nanostructured array that scatters radiation toward a thin metallic layer generates surface plasmon resonances for normally incident light. The location of the minimum of the spectral reflectivity serves to detect changes in the index of refraction of the medium under analysis. The normal incidence operation eases its integration with optical fibers. The geometry of the arrangement and the material selection are changed to optimize some performance parameters as sensitivity, figure of merit, field enhancement, and spectral width. This optimization takes into account the feasibility of the fabrication. The evaluated results of sensitivity (1020 nm/RIU) and figure of merit (614 RIU?1) are competitive with those previously reported..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 04, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 654 (2017)
Thin Film Devices
Experimental evidence of Bloch surface waves on photonic crystals with thin-film LiNbO3 as a top layer
Tatiana Kovalevich, Djaffar Belharet, Laurent Robert, Myun-Sik Kim, Hans Peter Herzig, Thierry Grosjean, and Maria-Pilar Bernal
Strong nonlinear, electro-optical, and thermo-optical properties of lithium niobate (LN) have gained much attention. However, the implementation of LiNbO3 in real devices is not a trivial task due to difficulties in manufacturing and handling thin-film LN. In this study, we investigate an optical device where the Bloch surface wave (BSW) propagates on the thin-film LN to unlock its properties. First, access to the LN film from air (or open space) is important to exploit its properties. Second, for sustaining the BSW, one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC) is necessary to be fabricated under the thin-film LN. We consider two material platforms to realize such a device: bulk LN and commercial thin-film LN. Clear reflectance dips observed in far-field measurements demonstrate the propagation of BSWs on top of the LN surface of the designed 1DPhCs.Strong nonlinear, electro-optical, and thermo-optical properties of lithium niobate (LN) have gained much attention. However, the implementation of LiNbO3 in real devices is not a trivial task due to difficulties in manufacturing and handling thin-film LN. In this study, we investigate an optical device where the Bloch surface wave (BSW) propagates on the thin-film LN to unlock its properties. First, access to the LN film from air (or open space) is important to exploit its properties. Second, for sustaining the BSW, one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC) is necessary to be fabricated under the thin-film LN. We consider two material platforms to realize such a device: bulk LN and commercial thin-film LN. Clear reflectance dips observed in far-field measurements demonstrate the propagation of BSWs on top of the LN surface of the designed 1DPhCs..
Photonics Research
- Publication Date: Oct. 05, 2017
- Vol. 5, Issue 6, 649 (2017)
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