With the continuous expansion of the application of photodetectors in traditional sensing, communication, imaging fields, as well as emerging fields such as flexible robotics and artificial intelligence, the demand for photodetectors is increasing. Particularly, for some new application scenarios, the self-powering capability and sensitivity to polarization information of photodetectors have become increasingly important. However, it is difficult for photodetectors based on single-component active layers to simultaneously meet all these requirements. In contrast, employing carefully designed heterogeneous structures with different optoelectronic properties of materials is a highly effective means to achieve multiple advantages of photodetectors. By composing heterogeneous structures with materials of different optoelectronic performances, the advantages of various materials can be fully utilized, enabling flexibility, self-powering capability, and sensitivity to polarization information in photodetectors. This approach provides new possibilities for the design and performance enhancement of photodetectors, and is expected to further promote their development in various application fields.