Analogous optical coherent state sourced by a partially coherent beam
Jinqi Song, Fengqi Liu, Mingli Sun, Bingsong Cao... and Xuanhui Lu|Show fewer author(s)
Based on the first-order correlation function of light, we propose analogous optical coherent states (AOCSs) sourced by partially coherent beams, which can nondiffractively propagate with sinusoidal oscillation in the harmonic potential when the nondiffraction propagation matching condition (NPMC) is met. Unlike the traditional quantum coherent state, the minimum uncertainty of AOCS is related to the coherence of light, and only when the NPMC is met, its uncertainty is the least. Furthermore, based on the mathematical similarity between the Schrödinger and the Helmholtz equations, we find that our proposed AOCSs correspond to the partially coherent steady states of the harmonic oscillator. Our research not only increases the understanding of the coherence of light and enriches the types of nondiffraction beams but also increases the understanding of the quantum coherence regulating the evolution of probability waves.Based on the first-order correlation function of light, we propose analogous optical coherent states (AOCSs) sourced by partially coherent beams, which can nondiffractively propagate with sinusoidal oscillation in the harmonic potential when the nondiffraction propagation matching condition (NPMC) is met. Unlike the traditional quantum coherent state, the minimum uncertainty of AOCS is related to the coherence of light, and only when the NPMC is met, its uncertainty is the least. Furthermore, based on the mathematical similarity between the Schrödinger and the Helmholtz equations, we find that our proposed AOCSs correspond to the partially coherent steady states of the harmonic oscillator. Our research not only increases the understanding of the coherence of light and enriches the types of nondiffraction beams but also increases the understanding of the quantum coherence regulating the evolution of probability waves.
- Jul. 03, 2025
- Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Vol. 4, Issue 4, 046009 (2025)
- DOI：10.1117/1.APN.4.4.046009
About the cover: Advanced Photonics Volume 7, Issue 3
The article provides information about the image on the cover of Advanced Photonics, Volume 7 Issue 3.The article provides information about the image on the cover of Advanced Photonics, Volume 7 Issue 3.
- Jul. 02, 2025
- Advanced Photonics
- Vol. 7, Issue 3, 039901 (2025)
- DOI：10.1117/1.AP.7.3.039901
Advancing perovskite photovoltaics for space: critical stability testing guidelines
Yifan Zheng, Guodong Zhang, Zicai Shen, Jianhui Bin... and Yuchuan Shao|Show fewer author(s)
Low-Earth orbit, the primary operational domain for the international space station and commercial satellites, presents a severe thermodynamic environment for spacecraft. Current testing methodologies, such as thermal cycling and damp-heat assessments, are inadequately aligned with the characteristics of perovskites. The commentary suggests a tiered thermal stress testing framework to enhance existing standards and support a robust and standardized framework for certification.Low-Earth orbit, the primary operational domain for the international space station and commercial satellites, presents a severe thermodynamic environment for spacecraft. Current testing methodologies, such as thermal cycling and damp-heat assessments, are inadequately aligned with the characteristics of perovskites. The commentary suggests a tiered thermal stress testing framework to enhance existing standards and support a robust and standardized framework for certification.
- Jul. 02, 2025
- Advanced Photonics
- Vol. 7, Issue 3, 030502 (2025)
- DOI：10.1117/1.AP.7.3.030502
Frequency conversion of vortex states by chiral flexural acoustic phonons
Xinglin Zeng, Philip St.J. Russell, and Birgit Stiller
An object or system is said to be chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror reflection. Chirality is ubiquitous in nature, for example, in protein molecules and chiral phonons—acoustic waves carrying angular momentum—which are usually either intrinsically present or magnetically excited in suitable materials. Here, we report the use of intervortex forward Brillouin scattering to optically excite chiral flexural phonons in a twisted photonic crystal fiber, which is itself a chiral material capable of robustly preserving circularly polarized optical vortex states. The phonons induce a spatiotemporal rotating linear birefringence that acts back on the optical vortex modes, coupling them together. We demonstrate intervortex frequency conversion under the mediation of chiral flexural phonons and show that, for the same phonons, backward and forward intervortex conversion occurs at different wavelengths. The results open up, to our knowledge, new perspectives for Brillouin scattering and the chiral flexural phonons offer new opportunities for vortex-related information processing and multi-dimensional vectorial optical sensing.An object or system is said to be chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror reflection. Chirality is ubiquitous in nature, for example, in protein molecules and chiral phonons—acoustic waves carrying angular momentum—which are usually either intrinsically present or magnetically excited in suitable materials. Here, we report the use of intervortex forward Brillouin scattering to optically excite chiral flexural phonons in a twisted photonic crystal fiber, which is itself a chiral material capable of robustly preserving circularly polarized optical vortex states. The phonons induce a spatiotemporal rotating linear birefringence that acts back on the optical vortex modes, coupling them together. We demonstrate intervortex frequency conversion under the mediation of chiral flexural phonons and show that, for the same phonons, backward and forward intervortex conversion occurs at different wavelengths. The results open up, to our knowledge, new perspectives for Brillouin scattering and the chiral flexural phonons offer new opportunities for vortex-related information processing and multi-dimensional vectorial optical sensing.
- Jul. 02, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, 1997 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.557205
Spiral resonator referenced low noise microwave generation via integrated optical frequency division
Long Cheng, Mengdi Zhao, Yang He, Yu Zhang... and Jiang Li|Show fewer author(s)
A low noise oscillator is a crucial component in determining system performance in modern communication, microwave spectroscopy, microwave-based sensing (including radar and remote sensing), and metrology systems. In recent years, ultra-low phase noise photonic microwave oscillators based on optical frequency division have become a paradigm shift for the generation of high performance microwave signals. In this work, we report on-chip low phase noise photonic microwave generation based on spiral resonator referenced lasers and an integrated electro-optical frequency comb. Dual lasers are co-locked to an ultra-high-Q silicon nitride spiral resonator and their relative phase noise is measured below the cavity thermal noise limit, resulting in record low on-chip optical phase noise. A broadband integrated electro-optic frequency comb is utilized to divide down the relative phase noise of the spiral resonator referenced lasers to the microwave domain, resulting in record-low phase noise for chip-based oscillators (-69 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset, and -144 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset for a 10 GHz carrier scaled from 37.3 GHz output). The exceptional phase noise performance, planar chip design, high technology readiness level, and foundry-ready processing of the current work represent a major advance of integrated photonic microwave oscillators.A low noise oscillator is a crucial component in determining system performance in modern communication, microwave spectroscopy, microwave-based sensing (including radar and remote sensing), and metrology systems. In recent years, ultra-low phase noise photonic microwave oscillators based on optical frequency division have become a paradigm shift for the generation of high performance microwave signals. In this work, we report on-chip low phase noise photonic microwave generation based on spiral resonator referenced lasers and an integrated electro-optical frequency comb. Dual lasers are co-locked to an ultra-high-
- Jul. 02, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, 1991 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.562434
Comprehensive review on developments of synthetic dimensions
Danying Yu, Wange Song, Luojia Wang, Rohith Srikanth... and Luqi Yuan|Show fewer author(s)
The concept of synthetic dimensions has emerged as a powerful framework in photonics and atomic physics, enabling the exploration of high-dimensional physics beyond conventional spatial constraints. Originally developed for quantum simulations in high dimensions, synthetic dimensions have since demonstrated advantages in designing novel Hamiltonians and manipulating quantum or optical states for exploring topological physics, and for applications in computing and information processing. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of progress in synthetic dimensions across photonic, atomic, and other physical platforms over the past decade. We showcase different approaches used to construct synthetic dimensions and highlight key physical phenomena enabled by the advantage of such a framework. By offering a unified perspective on developments in this field, we aim to provide insights into how synthetic dimensions can bridge fundamental physics and applied technologies, fostering interdisciplinary engagement in quantum simulation, atomic and photonic engineering, and information processing.The concept of synthetic dimensions has emerged as a powerful framework in photonics and atomic physics, enabling the exploration of high-dimensional physics beyond conventional spatial constraints. Originally developed for quantum simulations in high dimensions, synthetic dimensions have since demonstrated advantages in designing novel Hamiltonians and manipulating quantum or optical states for exploring topological physics, and for applications in computing and information processing. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of progress in synthetic dimensions across photonic, atomic, and other physical platforms over the past decade. We showcase different approaches used to construct synthetic dimensions and highlight key physical phenomena enabled by the advantage of such a framework. By offering a unified perspective on developments in this field, we aim to provide insights into how synthetic dimensions can bridge fundamental physics and applied technologies, fostering interdisciplinary engagement in quantum simulation, atomic and photonic engineering, and information processing.
- Jul. 01, 2025
- Photonics Insights
- Vol. 4, Issue 2, R06 (2025)
- DOI：10.3788/PI.2025.R06
Parallel sensing of multiple greenhouse gases adopting a mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer with 300,000 comb-tooth-resolved frequency components
Daping Luo, Lian Zhou, Zefeng Wang, Zejiang Deng... and Wenxue Li|Show fewer author(s)
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is instrumental in addressing gas molecule-related environmental and ecological challenges. Especially, massively parallel sensing capability is critical to multi-species molecules analysis, enabling the demands for various MIR gas characterizations. However, real-time, high-accuracy parallel sensing for multiple gases remains a significant challenge due to the limitations in laser bandwidth and sampling speed. Here, we present a broadband MIR dual-comb spectrometer for the simultaneous detection of multiple greenhouse gases. This MIR spectrometer employs a scheme of difference frequency generation (DFG), directly producing a wide spectrum spanning 3.2–4.7 μm with over 300,000 comb-tooth-resolved frequency lines at a 100 MHz resolution. In addition, we demonstrated the parallel detection of four mixed gas molecules (CH4, C2H2, CO, and N2O), in which the absorptions were in excellent agreement with HITRAN database. This broadband MIR dual-comb spectrometer is promising to be integrated with only fiber devices and periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides, providing a high-precision, high-efficiency approach for massively parallel sensing in atmospheric or industrial monitoring.Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is instrumental in addressing gas molecule-related environmental and ecological challenges. Especially, massively parallel sensing capability is critical to multi-species molecules analysis, enabling the demands for various MIR gas characterizations. However, real-time, high-accuracy parallel sensing for multiple gases remains a significant challenge due to the limitations in laser bandwidth and sampling speed. Here, we present a broadband MIR dual-comb spectrometer for the simultaneous detection of multiple greenhouse gases. This MIR spectrometer employs a scheme of difference frequency generation (DFG), directly producing a wide spectrum spanning 3.2–4.7 μm with over 300,000 comb-tooth-resolved frequency lines at a 100 MHz resolution. In addition, we demonstrated the parallel detection of four mixed gas molecules (
- Jul. 01, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, A1 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.560061
Entanglement and quantum coherence of hybrid entangled states
Fengyi Xu, Chenyu Qiao, Shujing Li, Meihong Wang, and Xiaolong Su
A hybrid entangled state that involves both discrete and continuous degrees of freedom is a key resource for hybrid quantum information processing. It is essential to characterize entanglement and quantum coherence of the hybrid entangled state toward the application of it. Here, we experimentally characterize the entanglement and quantum coherence of the prepared hybrid entangled state between a polarization-encoded discrete-variable qubit and a cat-encoded wave-like continuous-variable qubit. We show that the maximum quantum coherence is obtained when the probability of the horizontal-polarization photon is 0.5, and entanglement and quantum coherence of the hybrid entangled state are robust against loss in both discrete- and continuous-variable parts. Based on the experimentally reconstructed two-mode density matrix on the bases of polarization and cat state, we obtain the logarithm negativity of 0.57 and l1-norm of 0.82, respectively, which confirms the entanglement and quantum coherence of the state. Our work takes a crucial step toward the application of the polarization-cat hybrid entangled state.A hybrid entangled state that involves both discrete and continuous degrees of freedom is a key resource for hybrid quantum information processing. It is essential to characterize entanglement and quantum coherence of the hybrid entangled state toward the application of it. Here, we experimentally characterize the entanglement and quantum coherence of the prepared hybrid entangled state between a polarization-encoded discrete-variable qubit and a cat-encoded wave-like continuous-variable qubit. We show that the maximum quantum coherence is obtained when the probability of the horizontal-polarization photon is 0.5, and entanglement and quantum coherence of the hybrid entangled state are robust against loss in both discrete- and continuous-variable parts. Based on the experimentally reconstructed two-mode density matrix on the bases of polarization and cat state, we obtain the logarithm negativity of 0.57 and
- Jul. 01, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, 1983 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.559233
Multi-angle illumination imaging by using iterative kernel correction
Wanxue Wei, Muyang Zhang, Zhuoqun Yuan, Weike Wang... and Kebin Shi|Show fewer author(s)
Multi-angle illumination is a widely adopted strategy in various super-resolution imaging systems, where improving computational efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) remains a critical challenge. In this study, we propose the integration of the iterative kernel correction (IKC) algorithm with a multi-angle (MA) illumination scheme to enhance imaging reconstruction efficiency and SNR. The proposed IKC-MA scheme demonstrates the capability to significantly reduce image acquisition time while achieving high-quality reconstruction within 1 s, without relying on extensive experimental datasets. This ensures broad applicability across diverse imaging scenarios. Experimental results indicate substantial improvements in imaging speed and quality compared to conventional methods, with the IKC-MA model achieving a remarkable reduction in data acquisition time. This approach offers a faster and more generalizable solution for super-resolution microscopic imaging, paving the way for advancements in real-time imaging applications.Multi-angle illumination is a widely adopted strategy in various super-resolution imaging systems, where improving computational efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) remains a critical challenge. In this study, we propose the integration of the iterative kernel correction (IKC) algorithm with a multi-angle (MA) illumination scheme to enhance imaging reconstruction efficiency and SNR. The proposed IKC-MA scheme demonstrates the capability to significantly reduce image acquisition time while achieving high-quality reconstruction within 1 s, without relying on extensive experimental datasets. This ensures broad applicability across diverse imaging scenarios. Experimental results indicate substantial improvements in imaging speed and quality compared to conventional methods, with the IKC-MA model achieving a remarkable reduction in data acquisition time. This approach offers a faster and more generalizable solution for super-resolution microscopic imaging, paving the way for advancements in real-time imaging applications.
- Jul. 01, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, 1973 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.562781
Fourier domain mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator with an electrically tuned thin-film lithium niobate micro-ring filter | Editors' Pick
Peng Hao, Rui Ma, Zihan Shi, Zijun Huang... and X. Steve Yao|Show fewer author(s)
Linearly chirped microwave waveforms (LCMWs) are indispensable in advanced radar systems. Our study introduces and validates, through extensive experimentation, the innovative application of a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic integrated circuit (PIC) to realize a Fourier domain mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (FDML OEO) for generating high-precision LCMW signals. This integrated chip combines a phase modulator (PM) and an electrically tuned notch micro-ring resonator (MRR), which functions as a rapidly tunable bandpass filter, facilitating the essential phase-to-intensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion for OEO oscillation. By synchronizing the modulation period of the applied driving voltage to the MRR with the OEO loop delay, we achieve Fourier domain mode-locking, producing LCMW signals with an impressive tunable center frequency range of 18.55 GHz to 23.59 GHz, an adjustable sweep bandwidth from 3.85 GHz to 8.5 GHz, and a remarkable chirp rate up to 3.22 GHz/μs. Unlike conventional PM-IM based FDML OEOs, our device obviates the need for expensive tunable lasers or microwave sources, positioning it as a practical solution for generating high-frequency LCMW signals with extended sweep bandwidth and high chirp rates, all within a compact and cost-efficient form factor.Linearly chirped microwave waveforms (LCMWs) are indispensable in advanced radar systems. Our study introduces and validates, through extensive experimentation, the innovative application of a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic integrated circuit (PIC) to realize a Fourier domain mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (FDML OEO) for generating high-precision LCMW signals. This integrated chip combines a phase modulator (PM) and an electrically tuned notch micro-ring resonator (MRR), which functions as a rapidly tunable bandpass filter, facilitating the essential phase-to-intensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion for OEO oscillation. By synchronizing the modulation period of the applied driving voltage to the MRR with the OEO loop delay, we achieve Fourier domain mode-locking, producing LCMW signals with an impressive tunable center frequency range of 18.55 GHz to 23.59 GHz, an adjustable sweep bandwidth from 3.85 GHz to 8.5 GHz, and a remarkable chirp rate up to 3.22 GHz/μs. Unlike conventional PM-IM based FDML OEOs, our device obviates the need for expensive tunable lasers or microwave sources, positioning it as a practical solution for generating high-frequency LCMW signals with extended sweep bandwidth and high chirp rates, all within a compact and cost-efficient form factor.
- Jul. 01, 2025
- Photonics Research
- Vol. 13, Issue 7, 1964 (2025)
- DOI：10.1364/PRJ.559603
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