Fig. 1. Measurement of 3D profile and refractive index via phase imaging

Fig. 2. Schematic of DHM optical path. (a) Imaging principle of DHM; (b) interference pattern of object light and reference light

Fig. 3. Reconstruction results of DHM. (a) Reconstructed amplitude; (b) reconstructed phase

Fig. 4. Common-path interference microscopy. (a) Fizeau interference microscopy; (b) Mirau interference microscopy

Fig. 5. Off-axis point-diffraction digital holographic microscopy^[57]. G, grating; IP, image plane; L₁-L₂, lenses (f₁ and f₂ are focal distances of L₁ and L₂, respectively); SF, spatial filter (expanded in the inset); VPS, virtual source point

Fig. 6. Imaging results of off-axis point-diffraction DHM^[57]. (a) Quantitative phase image of whole blood smear; (b) temporal fluctuations of the spatial standard deviation of the field of view without sample and arbitrary single point in the field of view. σ is the temporal standard deviation for these two signals

Fig. 7. Optical path for phase-shifting point-diffraction DHM with common-path and in-line configuration based on diffraction grating^[61]. G₁ and G₂, Ronchi phase grating; L₁--L₆, lens; MO₁ and MO₂, objective; P, polarizer combination; P₁--P₃, polarizer combination; PH, pinhole filter

Fig. 8. Holographic patterns and reconstructed result obtained with coaxial phase shifting point-diffraction DHM^[61]. (a)--(d) Holographic patterns with phase shifts of 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2; (e) reconstructed phase

Fig. 9. SLM based common-path phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy^[63]. (a) On-axis illumination; (b) off-axis illumination

Fig. 10. Experimental setup of SMIM^[64]

Fig. 11. Diagram of single-beam in-line digital holographic microscopy^[90]

Fig. 12. Experimental hologram and reconstruction results^[90]. (a) Reconstructed result of conventional back propagation algorithm (with twin image); (b) reconstructed result after 500 iterations by CS algorithm (without twin image); (c)(d) enlarged areas of the dotted box in Figs. 12 (a) and (b), respectively

Fig. 13. Quantitative phase contrast microscopy with parallel light illumination^[92]

Fig. 14. Diagram of phase contrast microscopy optical path based on SLM^[82]. (a) Surrounding grating; (b) center grating; (c)--(e) phase shift interferograms with phase shifts between the diffracted and undiffracted parts of 0, π/2, and π, respectively

Fig. 15. Quantitative phase contrast microscopy based on polarization modulation^[96]

Fig. 16. Measurement results of airflow based on quantitative phase contrast microscopy with polarization modulation^[96]. (a) Four-step phase-shift interference patterns of airflow; (b) reconstructed phase distribution of airflow

Fig. 17. Setup of UO-QPM and reconstruction results^[101]. (a) Schematic of UO-QPM system; (b) reconstruction result of cos7 cells

Fig. 18. Diagram of optical path of improved Zernike phase contrast imaging^[84]

Fig. 19. Imaging results of microlens array based on quantitative phase contrast microscopy with multi-point off-axis illumination^[84]. (a)--(c) Interference patterns with phase shifts of 0, -π/2, and π/2, respectively; (d) reconstructed phase distribution of microlens arrays