Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of parallel detection system^[24]. Inset Ⅰ is diagram of detector array composed of 32 point-detectors. GM: Galvo mirror; M: mirror; SL: scanning lens; TL: tube lens; OL: objective lens; S: sample; DM: dichroic mirror; BPF: bandpass filter; L: lens; DA: detector array

Fig. 2. Cross sections of effective PSF at distance v_d from optical axis in parallel detection technology. Blue curve represents PSF of common confocal microscopy, red curve is PSF at center of optical axis, and black curve stands for PSF at different distances from optical axis^[25]. (a) Peak intensity of black curve decreases with increasing v_d and moves to side; (b) effective PSF is shifted to peak value on axis; (c)

Fig. 3. All-optical realizations of parallel detection. (a) Rescan system^[29]; (b) OPRA system^[23]

Fig. 4. Diagrams of SPIN and SPADE systems^[45]. (a) SPIN system; (b) SPADE system

Fig. 5. Schematic of VIKMOM and its decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery^[49]. (a) Principle of imaging system; (b) decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery

Fig. 6. Multifocal saturated virtual modulation microscopy. (a) Scanning process of LSM; (b) multiple focal spot detection system; (c) procedure for virtual modulation^[50]

Fig. 7. Laser scanning SSIM imaging. (a) Diagram of laser scanning SSIM setup; (b) phase modulation pattern on SLM and corresponding scanning route^[51]

Fig. 8. Working principle and imaging results of NFOMM^[33]. (a) Diagram of focal spot modulation; (b) PSF and OTF; (c) profiles of OTF; (d) imaging results of spoke-like sample; (e)(f) dual-color imaging results of NFOMM and standard confocal microscopy for Vero cells

Fig. 9. Nonlinear focal modulation microscopy based on interleaved reconstruction. (a) Schematic of interleaved reconstruction algorithm; (b) schematic of SIFM