Fig. 1. Diagrams showing the S-parameter matrix of (a) an ideal circulator and (b) a quasi-circulator.
Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Active quasi-circulator based on phase cancellation. (b) Core of conventional active quasi-circulator.
Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) Active quasi-circulator with a tunable capacitor. (b) Isolation S31 varies with frequency. (c) Schematic of a tunable distributed active quasi-circulator.
Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Tunable active quasi-circulator with T-network phase shifters. (b) Schematic of the tunable active quasi-circulator by using DAs.
Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Active quasi-circulator with feedback technology. (b) Core circuit of feedback active quasi-circulator.
Fig. 6. (Color online) (a) Active quasi-circulator with dual technology. (a) Architecture of conventional active quasi-circulator. (b) Schematic of dual interference-cancelling active circulator.
Fig. 7. (Color online) Architecture of advanced dual interference-cancelling active circulator.
Fig. 8. (Color online) (a) LPTV active quasi-circulator. (b) Three-port circulator with a 3λ/4 transmission-line ring.
Fig. 9. Bandwidth and isolation behaviors of state of art active quasi-circulators.
Fig. 10. Linearity behaviors of state of art active quasi-circulators.
Parameter | MWCL 2010[8] | ISSCC 2015[34] | JSSC 2015[35] | ISSCC 2016[26] | ISSCC 2017[28] | MWCL 2017[22] | IWS 2018[21] | MWCL 2019[24] | MWCL 2020[25] |
---|
Technology | 180 nm CMOS | 180 nm CMOS | 65 nm CMOS | 65 nm CMOS | 45 nm CMOS SOI | 45 nm CMOS SOI | 180 nm CMOS | 180 nm CMOS | 180 nm CMOS | Frequency (GHz) | 29–31 | 1.9–2.2 | 0.1–1.5 | 0.6–0.8 | 22.7–27.7 | 5.3–7.3 | 0.8–6.8 | 1–7 | 1–8 | Bandwidth (%) | 7 | 15 | 175 | 29 | 20 | 32 | 158 | 150 | 156 | |S31| (dB)
| 12 | 50 | 30 | 15 | 18.5 | 30 | 27 | 36 | 34 | |S21| (dB)
| 4–6 | 3.7 | NA | 2.5 | 3.3 | 10.5 (gain) | 8–10 | 10 | 8 | |S32| (dB)
| 7.2–7.9 | 3.9 | 0 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 5 | 9–12 | 9 | 2.5 | |S23| (dB)
| 24 | NA | NA | NA | 5 | NA | 28 | 30 | 16 | |S12| (dB)
| 22 | NA | NA | 2.5 | 7 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 34 | |S13| (dB)
| 35 | NA | NA | NA | 8 | NA | 15 | 30 | 33 | |S11| (dB)
| 6 | NA | 20 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 8.5 | |S22| (dB)
| 5 | NA | NA | 5 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 11 | |S33| (dB)
| 11.5 | NA | NA | NA | 14 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 8.5 | Tx-ANT IIP3 (dBm) | NA | 70 | NA | 27.5 | 19.9 | 20 | 7.37 | 9.7 | 9 | ANT-Rx IIP3 (dBm) | NA | NA | NA | 8.7 | 20 | NA | 2.43 | 3.5 | 4.2 | ANT-RX NF (dB) | NA | NA | 5.5 | 4.3 | 3.3–4.4 | 20 | 20 | 16–20 | 9–10 | Area (mm2)
| 0.41 | 1.75 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.57 | 0.3564 | 0.5665 | 0.45 | PDC (mW)
| 15 | NA | 43–56 | 30 | 378.4 | 4.5 | 12.8 | 25.2 | 24.8 |
|
Table 1. Comparison with published active quasi-circulators.