Review of blue perovskite light emitting diodes with optimization strategies for perovskite film and device structure

Zongtao Li; Kai Cao; Jiasheng Li; Yong Tang; Xinrui Ding; Binhai Yu

doi:10.29026/oea.2021.200019

[1] C Wehrenfennig, GE Eperon, MB Johnston, HJ Snaith, LM Herz. High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites. Adv Mater, 26, 1584-1589(2014).

[2] SD Stranks, GE Eperon, G Grancini, C Menelaou, MJP Alcocer, et al. Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber. Science, 342, 341-344(2013).

[3] ZG Xiao, QF Dong, C Bi, YC Shao, YB Yuan, et al. Solvent annealing of perovskite-induced crystal growth for photovoltaic-device efficiency enhancement. Adv Mater, 26, 6503-6509(2014).

[4] SM Peng, SS Wang, DD Zhao, XJ Li, C Liang, et al. Pure bromide-based perovskite nanoplatelets for blue light-emitting diodes. Small Methods, 3, 1900196(2019).

[5] DY Luo, R Su, W Zhang, QH Gong, R Zhu. Minimizing non-radiative recombination losses in perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Mater, 5, 44-60(2020).

[6] W Tian, HP Zhou, L Li. Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photodetectors. Small, 13, 1702107(2017).

[7] SA Veldhuis, PP Boix, N Yantara, MJ Li, TC Sum, et al. Perovskite materials for light-emitting diodes and lasers. Adv Mater, 28, 6804-6834(2016).

[8] F Sahli, J Werner, BA Kamino, M Bräuninger, R Monnard, et al. Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency. Nat Mater, 17, 820-826(2018).

[9] CY Kong, CH Lin, CH Lin, TY Li, SWH Chen, et al. Highly efficient and stable white light-emitting diodes using perovskite quantum dot paper. Adv Sci, 6, 1970143(2019).

[10] ZT Li, CJ Song, JS Li, GW Liang, LS Rao, et al. Highly efficient and water-stable lead halide perovskite quantum dots using superhydrophobic aerogel inorganic matrix for white light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater Technol, 5, 1900941(2020).

[11] P Chen, ZY Xiong, XY Wu, M Shao, Y Meng, et al. Nearly 100% efficiency enhancement of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ perovskite light-emitting diodes by utilizing plasmonic au nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett, 8, 3961-3969(2017).

[12] ZT Li, K Cao, JS Li, XW Du, Y Tang, et al. Modification of interface between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite film inserting an ultrathin LiF layer for enhancing efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Org Electron, 81, 105675(2020).

[13] M Lu, Y Zhang, SX Wang, J Guo, WW Yu, et al. Metal halide perovskite light-emitting devices: promising technology for next-generation displays. Adv Funct Mater, 29, 1902008(2019).

[14] ZK Tan, RS Moghaddam, ML Lai, P Docampo, R Higler, et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat Nanotechnol, 9, 687-692(2014).

[15] GR Li, ZK Tan, DW Di, ML Lai, L Jiang, et al. Efficient light-emitting diodes based on nanocrystalline perovskite in a dielectric polymer matrix. Nano Lett, 15, 2640-2644(2015).

[16] JQ Li, SGR Bade, X Shan, ZB Yu. Single-layer light-emitting diodes using organometal halide perovskite/poly(ethylene oxide) composite thin films. Adv Mater, 27, 5196-5202(2015).

[17] MJ Yuan, LN Quan, R Comin, G Walters, R Sabatini, et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat Nanotechnol, 11, 872-877(2016).

[18] CX Zhang, DB Kuang, WQ Wu. A review of diverse halide perovskite morphologies for efficient optoelectronic applications. Small Methods, 4, 1900662(2020).

[19] JP Wang, NN Wang, YZ Jin, JJ Si, ZK Tan, et al. Interfacial control toward efficient and low-voltage perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 27, 2311-2316(2015).

[20] YF Shi, W Wu, H Dong, GR Li, K Xi, et al. A strategy for architecture design of crystalline perovskite light-emitting diodes with high performance. Adv Mater, 30, e1800251(2018).

[21] H Cho, SH Jeong, MH Park, YH Kim, C Wolf, et al. Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science, 350, 1222-1225(2015).

[22] KB Lin, J Xing, LN Quan, Arquer de, XW Gong, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature, 562, 245-248(2018).

[23] Y Cao, NN Wang, H Tian, JS Guo, YQ Wei, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature, 562, 249-253(2018).

[24] WD Xu, Q Hu, S Bai, CX Bao, YF Miao, et al. Rational molecular passivation for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Photonics, 13, 418-424(2019).

[25] ZT Li, CJ Song, ZY Qiu, JS Li, K Cao, et al. Study on the thermal and optical performance of quantum dot white light-emitting diodes using metal-based inverted packaging structure. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 66, 3020-3027(2019).

[26] CHA Li, ZC Zhou, P Vashishtha, JE Halpert. The future is blue (LEDs): why chemistry is the key to perovskite displays. Chem Mater, 31, 6003-6032(2019).

[27] XJ Zhou, PF Tian, CW Sher, J Wu, HZ Liu, et al. Growth, transfer printing and colour conversion techniques towards full-colour micro-LED display. Prog Quantum Electron, 71, 100263(2020).

[28] ZJ Liu, CH Lin, BR Hyun, CW Sher, ZJ Lv, et al. Micro-light-emitting diodes with quantum dots in display technology. Light Sci Appl, 9, 83(2020).

[29] JS Li, Y Tang, ZT Li, XR Ding, BH Yu, et al. Largely enhancing luminous efficacy, color-conversion efficiency, and stability for quantum-dot white LEDs using the two-dimensional hexagonal pore structure of sba-15 mesoporous particles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 18808-18816(2019).

[30] SWH Chen, YM Huang, KJ Singh, YC Hsu, FJ Liou, et al. Full-color micro-LED display with high color stability using semipolar (20–21) InGaN LEDs and quantum-dot photoresist. Photonics Res, 8, 630-636(2020).

[31] ZT Li, K Cao, JS Li, Y Tang, L Xu, et al. Investigation of light-extraction mechanisms of multiscale patterned arrays with rough morphology for gan-based thin-film LEDs. IEEE Access, 7, 73890-73898(2019).

[32] T Fang, FJ Zhang, SC Yuan, HB Zeng, JZ Song. Recent advances and prospects toward blue perovskite materials and light-emitting diodes. InfoMat, 1, 211-233(2019).

[33] L Protesescu, S Yakunin, MI Bodnarchuk, F Krieg, R Caputo, et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX₃, X = Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano Lett, 15, 3692-3696(2015).

[34] P Schulz, E Edri, S Kirmayer, G Hodes, D Cahen, et al. Interface energetics in organo-metal halide perovskite-based photovoltaic cells. Energy Environ Sci, 7, 1377-1381(2014).

[35] NK Kumawat, A Dey, A Kumar, SP Gopinathan, KL Narasimhan, et al. Band gap tuning of CH₃NH₃Pb(Br_1-xCl_x)₃ hybrid perovskite for blue electroluminescence. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 7, 13119-13124(2015).

[36] A Sadhanala, S Ahmad, BD Zhao, N Giesbrecht, PM Pearce, et al. Blue-green color tunable solution processable organolead chloride-bromide mixed halide perovskites for optoelectronic applications. Nano Lett, 15, 6095-6101(2015).

[37] ZB Wang, T Cheng, FZ Wang, SY Dai, ZA Tan. Morphology engineering for high-performance and multicolored perovskite light-emitting diodes with simple device structures. Small, 12, 4412-4420(2016).

[38] HP Kim, J Kim, BS Kim, HM Kim, J Kim, et al. High-efficiency, blue, green, and near-infrared light-emitting diodes based on triple cation perovskite. Adv Opt Mater, 5, 1600920(2017).

[39] HL Wang, XF Zhao, BH Zhang, ZY Xie. Blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on RbX-doped polycrystalline CsPbBr₃ perovskite films. J Mater Chem C, 7, 5596-5603(2019).

[40] F Yuan, CX Ran, L Zhang, H Dong, B Jiao, et al. A cocktail of multiple cations in inorganic halide perovskite toward efficient and highly stable blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett, 5, 1062-1069(2020).

[41] MK Gangishetty, SN Sanders, DN Congreve. Mn²⁺ doping enhances the brightness, efficiency, and stability of bulk perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Photonics, 6, 1111-1117(2019).

[42] PP Du, JH Li, L Wang, J Liu, SR Li, et al. Vacuum-deposited blue inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 47083-47090(2019).

[43] JZ Song, JH Li, XM Li, LM Xu, YH Dong, et al. Quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX₃). Adv Mater, 27, 7162-7167(2015).

[44] J Pan, LN Quan, YB Zhao, W Peng, B Murali, et al. Highly efficient perovskite-quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by surface engineering. Adv Mater, 28, 8718-8725(2016).

[45] F Yang, HT Chen, R Zhang, XK Liu, WZ Zhang, et al. Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on potassium passivated nanocrystals. Adv Funct Mater, 30, 1908760(2020).

[46] JS Yao, L Wang, KH Wang, YC Yin, JN Yang, et al. Calcium-tributylphosphine oxide passivation enables the efficiency of pure-blue perovskite light-emitting diode up to 3.3%. Sci Bull, 65, 1150-1153(2020).

[47] YT Dong, YK Wang, FL Yuan, A Johnston, Y Liu, et al. Bipolar-shell resurfacing for blue LEDs based on strongly confined perovskite quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol, 15, 668-674(2020).

[48] GR Li, FWR Rivarola, NJLK Davis, S Bai, TC Jellicoe, et al. Highly efficient perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes enabled by a universal crosslinking method. Adv Mater, 28, 3528-3534(2016).

[49] ST Ochsenbein, F Krieg, Y Shynkarenko, G Raino, MV Kovalenko. Engineering color-stable blue light-emitting diodes with lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 21655-21660(2019).

[50] W Deng, XZ Xu, XJ Zhang, YD Zhang, XC Jin, et al. Organometal halide perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Adv Funct Mater, 26, 4797-4802(2016).

[51] EP Yao, ZL Yang, L Meng, PY Sun, SQ Dong, et al. High-brightness blue and white LEDs based on inorganic perovskite nanocrystals and their composites. Adv Mater, 29, 1606859(2017).

[52] XM Li, K Zhang, JH Li, J Chen, Y Wu, et al. Heterogeneous nucleation toward polar-solvent-free, fast, and one-pot synthesis of highly uniform perovskite quantum dots for wider color gamut display. Adv Mater Interfaces, 5, 1800010(2018).

[53] YS Shin, YJ Yoon, KT Lee, J Jeong, SY Park, et al. Vivid and fully saturated blue light-emitting diodes based on ligand-modified halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 23401-23409(2019).

[54] Y Shynkarenko, MI Bodnarchuk, C Bernasconi, Y Berezovska, V Verteletskyi, et al. Direct synthesis of quaternary alkylammonium-capped perovskite nanocrystals for efficient blue and green light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett, 4, 2703-2711(2019).

[55] FH Ye, HJ Zhang, P Wang, JL Cai, L Wang, et al. Spectral tuning of efficient CsPbBr_xCl_3-x blue light-emitting diodes via halogen exchange triggered by benzenesulfonates. Chem Mater, 32, 3211-3218(2020).

[56] P Todorovic, DX Ma, B Chen, R Quintero-Bermudez, MI Saidaminov, et al. Spectrally tunable and stable electroluminescence enabled by rubidium doping of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals. Adv Opt Mater, 7, 1901440(2019).

[57] M Liu, GH Zhong, YM Yin, JS Miao, K Li, et al. Aluminum-doped cesium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals with stable blue photoluminescence used for display backlight. Adv Sci, 4, 1700335(2017).

[58] ZJ Yong, SQ Guo, JP Ma, JY Zhang, ZY Li, et al. Doping-enhanced short-range order of perovskite nanocrystals for near-unity violet luminescence quantum yield. J Am Chem Soc, 140, 9942-9951(2018).

[59] GH Ahmed, JK El-Demellawi, J Yin, J Pan, DB Velusamy, et al. Giant photoluminescence enhancement in CsPbCl₃ perovskite nanocrystals by simultaneous dual-surface passivation. ACS Energy Lett, 3, 2301-2307(2018).

[60] N Mondal, A De, A Samanta. Achieving near-unity photoluminescence efficiency for blue-violet-emitting perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett, 4, 32-39(2019).

[61] Y Zhai, X Bai, GC Pan, JY Zhu, H Shao, et al. Effective blue-violet photoluminescence through lanthanum and fluorine ions Co-doping for CsPbCl₃ perovskite quantum dots. Nanoscale, 11, 2484-2491(2019).

[62] JK Chen, JP Ma, SQ Guo, YM Chen, Q Zhao, et al. High-efficiency violet-emitting all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals enabled by alkaline-earth metal passivation. Chem Mater, 31, 3974-3983(2019).

[63] FY Meng, XY Liu, XY Cai, ZF Gong, BB Li, et al. Incorporation of rubidium cations into blue perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes via FaBr-modified multi-cation hot-injection method. Nanoscale, 11, 1295-1303(2019).

[64] SC Hou, MK Gangishetty, QM Quan, DN Congreve. Efficient blue and white perovskite light-emitting diodes via manganese doping. Joule, 2, 2421-2433(2018).

[65] GC Pan, X Bai, W Xu, X Chen, Y Zhai, et al. Bright blue light emission of Ni²⁺ ion-doped CsPbCl_xBr_3-x perovskite quantum dots enabling efficient light-emitting devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 12, 14195-14202(2020).

[66] SS Shi, Y Wang, SY Zeng, Y Cui, Y Xiao. Surface regulation of CsPbBr₃ quantum dots for standard blue-emission with boosted plqy. Adv Opt Mater, 8, 2000167(2020).

[67] H Shao, Y Zhai, XF Wu, W Xu, L Xu, et al. High brightness blue light-emitting diodes based on CsPb(Cl/Br)₃ perovskite qds with phenethylammonium chloride passivation. Nanoscale, 12, 11728-11734(2020).

[68] XP Zheng, S Yuan, JK Liu, J Yin, FL Yuan, et al. Chlorine vacancy passivation in mixed halide perovskite quantum dots by organic pseudohalides enables efficient rec. 2020 blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett, 5, 793-798(2020).

[69] T Chiba, S Ishikawa, J Sato, Y Takahashi, H Ebe, et al. Blue perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting devices via the ligand exchange with adamantane diamine. Adv Opt Mater, 8, 2000289(2020).

[70] LT Wang, ZF Shi, ZZ Ma, DW Yang, F Zhang, et al. Colloidal synthesis of ternary copper halide nanocrystals for high-efficiency deep-blue light-emitting diodes with a half-lifetime above 100 h. Nano Lett, 20, 3568-3576(2020).

[71] I Levchuk, A Osvet, XF Tang, M Brandl, JD Perea, et al. Brightly luminescent and color-tunable formamidinium lead halide perovskite FAPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) colloidal nanocrystals. Nano Lett, 17, 2765-2770(2017).

[72] Y Bekenstein, BA Koscher, SW Eaton, PD Yang, AP Alivisatos. Highly luminescent colloidal nanoplates of perovskite cesium lead halide and their oriented assemblies. J Am Chem Soc, 137, 16008-16011(2015).

[73] QA Akkerman, SG Motti, ARS Kandada, E Mosconi, V D’Innocenzo, et al. Solution synthesis approach to colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets with monolayer-level thickness control. J Am Chem Soc, 138, 1010-1016(2016).

[74] S Kumar, J Jagielski, S Yakunin, P Rice, YC Chiu, et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence using quantum-confined two-dimensional perovskites. ACS Nano, 10, 9720-9729(2016).

[75] CY Zhang, Q Wan, B Wang, WL Zheng, MM Liu, et al. Surface ligand engineering toward brightly luminescent and stable cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets for efficient blue-light-emitting diodes. J Phys Chem C, 123, 26161-26169(2019).

[76] BJ Bohn, Y Tong, M Gramlich, ML Lai, M Döblinger, et al. Boosting tunable blue luminescence of halide perovskite nanoplatelets through postsynthetic surface trap repair. Nano Lett, 18, 5231-5238(2018).

[77] D Yang, YT Zou, PL Li, QP Liu, LZ Wu, et al. Large-scale synthesis of ultrathin cesium lead bromide perovskite nanoplates with precisely tunable dimensions and their application in blue light-emitting diodes. Nano Energy, 47, 235-242(2018).

[78] Y Wu, CT Wei, XM Li, YL Li, SC Qiu, et al. In situ passivation of PbBr₆^4- octahedra toward blue luminescent CsPbBr₃ nanoplatelets with near 100% absolute quantum yield. ACS Energy Lett, 3, 2030-2037(2018).

[79] SM Peng, ZL Wen, TK Ye, XT Xiao, KY Wang, et al. Effective surface ligand-concentration tuning of deep-blue luminescent FAPbBr₃ nanoplatelets with enhanced stability and charge transport. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 12, 31863-31874(2020).

[80] HW Hu, T Salim, BB Chen, YM Lam. Molecularly engineered organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite with multiple quantum well structure for multicolored light-emitting diodes. Sci Rep, 6, 33546(2016).

[81] DN Congreve, MC Weidman, M Seitz, W Paritmongkol, NS Dahod, et al. Tunable light-emitting diodes utilizing quantum-confined layered perovskite emitters. ACS Photonics, 4, 476-481(2017).

[82] L Cheng, Y Cao, R Ge, YQ Wei, NN Wang, et al. Sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional layered perovskites. Chin Chem Lett, 28, 29-31(2017).

[83] ZM Chen, CY Zhang, XF Jiang, MY Liu, RX Xia, et al. High-performance color-tunable perovskite light emitting devices through structural modulation from bulk to layered film. Adv Mater, 29, 1603157(2017).

[84] Q Wang, J Ren, XF Peng, XX Ji, XH Yang. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting devices based on ethylammonium bromide induced layered perovskites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 9, 29901-29906(2017).

[85] P Vashishtha, M Ng, SB Shivarudraiah, JE Halpert. High efficiency blue and green light-emitting diodes using ruddlesden-popper inorganic mixed halide perovskites with butylammonium interlayers. Chem Mater, 31, 83-89(2019).

[86] KH Wang, YD Peng, J Ge, SL Jiang, BS Zhu, et al. Efficient and color-tunable quasi-2D CsPbBr_xC_3-x perovskite blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Photonics, 6, 667-676(2019).

[87] ZC Li, ZM Chen, YC Yang, QF Xue, HL Yip, et al. Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5%. Nat Commun, 10, 1027(2019).

[88] FJ Zhang, B Cai, JZ Song, BN Han, BS Zhang, et al. Efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes boosted by 2D/3D energy cascade channels. Adv Funct Mater, 30, 2001732(2020).

[89] YZ Jiang, CC Qin, MH Cui, TW He, KK Liu, et al. Spectra stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun, 10, 1868(2019).

[90] Y Liu, JY Cui, K Du, H Tian, ZF He, et al. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat Photonics, 13, 760-764(2019).

[91] J Xing, YB Zhao, M Askerka, LN Quan, XW Gong, et al. Color-stable highly luminescent sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun, 9, 3541(2018).

[92] S Yuan, ZK Wang, LX Xiao, CF Zhang, SY Yang, et al. Optimization of low-dimensional components of quasi-2D perovskite films for deep-blue light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 31, 1904319(2019).

[93] LH He, ZW Xiao, XL Yang, YT Wu, YJ Lian, et al. Green and sky blue perovskite light-emitting devices with a diamine additive. J Mater Sci, 55, 7691-7701(2020).

[94] D Liang, YL Peng, YP Fu, MJ Shearer, JJ Zhang, et al. Color-pure violet-light-emitting diodes based on layered lead halide perovskite nanoplates. ACS Nano, 10, 6897-6904(2016).

[95] W Deng, XC Jin, Y Lv, XJ Zhang, XH Zhang, et al. 2D Ruddlesden-popper perovskite nanoplate based deep-blue light-emitting diodes for light communication. Adv Funct Mater, 29, 1903861(2019).

[96] H Chen, J Lin, J Kang, Q Kong, D Lu, et al. Structural and spectral dynamics of single-crystalline ruddlesden-popper phase halide perovskite blue light-emitting diodes. Sci Adv, 6, eaay4045(2020).

[97] ZF Tan, JJ Luo, LB Yang, X Li, ZY Deng, et al. Spectrally stable ultra-pure blue perovskite light-emitting diodes boosted by square-wave alternating voltage. Adv Opt Mater, 8, 1901094(2020).

[98] Q Wang, XM Wang, Z Yang, NH Zhou, YH Deng, et al. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via photoluminescence enhancement. Nat Commun, 10, 5633(2019).

[99] DX Ma, P Todorović, S Meshkat, MI Saidaminov, YK Wang, et al. Chloride insertion-immobilization enables bright, narrowband, and stable blue-emitting perovskite diodes. J Am Chem Soc, 142, 5126-5134(2020).

[100] FZ Wang, ZY Wang, WD Sun, ZB Wang, YM Bai, et al. High performance quasi-2D perovskite sky-blue light-emitting diodes using a dual-ligand strategy. Small, 16, e2002940(2020).

[101] TL Leung, HW Tam, FZ Liu, JY Lin, AMC Ng, et al. Mixed spacer cation stabilization of blue-emitting n=2 ruddlesden-popper organic-inorganic halide perovskite films. Adv Opt Mater, 8, 1901679(2020).

[102] SY Zeng, SS Shi, SR Wang, Y Xiao. Mixed-ligand engineering of quasi-2D perovskites for efficient sky-blue light-emitting diodes. J Mater Chem C, 8, 1319-1325(2020).

[103] Y Jin, ZK Wang, S Yuan, Q Wang, CC Qin, et al. Synergistic effect of dual ligands on stable blue quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Funct Mater, 30, 1908339(2020).

[104] YT Zou, H Xu, SY Li, T Song, L Kuai, et al. Spectral-stable blue emission from moisture-treated low-dimensional lead bromide-based perovskite films. ACS Photonics, 6, 1728-1735(2019).

[105] ARBM Yusoff, AEX Gavim, AG Macedo, Silva da, FK Schneider, et al. High-efficiency, solution-processable, multilayer triple cation perovskite light-emitting diodes with copper sulfide-gallium-tin oxide hole transport layer and aluminum-zinc oxide-doped cesium electron injection layer. Mater Today Chem, 10, 104-111(2018).

[106] RLZ Hoye, ML Lai, M Anaya, Y Tong, K Galkowski, et al. Identifying and reducing interfacial losses to enhance color-pure electroluminescence in blue-emitting perovskite nanoplatelet light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett, 4, 1181-1188(2019).

[107] MK Gangishetty, SC Hou, QM Quan, DN Congreve. Reducing architecture limitations for efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 30, e1706226(2018).

[108] ZW Ren, XT Xiao, RM Ma, H Lin, K Wang, et al. Hole transport bilayer structure for quasi-2D perovskite based blue light-emitting diodes with high brightness and good spectral stability. Adv Funct Mater, 29, 1905339(2019).

[109] YS Shin, YJ Yoon, J Heo, S Song, JW Kim, et al. Functionalized PFN-X (X = Cl, Br, or I) for balanced charge carriers of highly efficient blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 12, 35740-35747(2020).

[110] HL Wang, YS Xu, J Wu, L Chen, QQ Yang, et al. Bright and color-stable blue-light-emitting diodes based on three-dimensional perovskite polycrystalline films via morphology and interface engineering. J Phys Chem Lett, 11, 1411-1418(2020).

[111] ZC Yuan, YF Miao, ZJ Hu, WD Xu, CY Kuang, et al. Unveiling the synergistic effect of precursor stoichiometry and interfacial reactions for perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun, 10, 2818(2019).