CHENG Sheng-kui, HUANG Xi-sheng, HU De-sheng, SHI Zhi-yuan, and LUO Zhi-yun
The phenomenon of food waste has aroused great concern from the international community, and some foreign countries have regulated it by law in a comprehensive way. In China, food waste mainly occurs in the public catering industry. In the whole society, we must form a legal atmosphere of being glorious to save and shameful to waste. The occasions of food waste mainly include wedding party, "event banquet", business dinner and dinner with friends. The causes of food waste include constraints of science and technology, subjective factors of actors and inherent defects of traditional ownership system. Although there are laws concerning food waste in China, the current provisions are relatively principled and scattered, lacking systematicness and maneuverability. To regulate food waste behavior by law is the need of ensuring food security, fulfilling international obligations, saving resources, protecting ecological environment, upgrading and integrating legal norms. The food waste behavior of public legal subjects and individuals in food production, processing and consumption should be comprehensively regulated by a special law, which should be formulated by the NPC Standing Committee under the guidance of the notion of social attribute of resources and the idea of green development, through direct prohibition, tax adjustment, consumption guidance and other ways. The legal regulation should focus on food and food waste behavior.The phenomenon of food waste has aroused great concern from the international community, and some foreign countries have regulated it by law in a comprehensive way. In China, food waste mainly occurs in the public catering industry. In the whole society, we must form a legal atmosphere of being glorious to save and shameful to waste. The occasions of food waste mainly include wedding party, "event banquet", business dinner and dinner with friends. The causes of food waste include constraints of science and technology, subjective factors of actors and inherent defects of traditional ownership system. Although there are laws concerning food waste in China, the current provisions are relatively principled and scattered, lacking systematicness and maneuverability. To regulate food waste behavior by law is the need of ensuring food security, fulfilling international obligations, saving resources, protecting ecological environment, upgrading and integrating legal norms. The food waste behavior of public legal subjects and individuals in food production, processing and consumption should be comprehensively regulated by a special law, which should be formulated by the NPC Standing Committee under the guidance of the notion of social attribute of resources and the idea of green development, through direct prohibition, tax adjustment, consumption guidance and other ways. The legal regulation should focus on food and food waste behavior.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2821 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201201
RONG Hui-fang, and TAO Zhuo-min
Rural tourism has important practical significance for optimizing the rural industrial structure, and recovering the rural economy, especially for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Thus, rural tourism is not only the focus of local government and tourism enterprises, but also a hot topic in domestic and international tourism research. At the same time, with the development and popularization of the Internet, travel websites, social software and other online platforms have become important tools to obtain travel information, make travel decisions, and share travel experiences. Tourism big data provides data sources and methodological support for rural tourism research. Based on data of tourism network, this paper puts forward a method for identifying rural tourism hotspots. Taking Jiangsu province as an example, this paper uses the methods of trend surface, nuclear density estimation and hot spot analysis to explore the cold and hot patterns of rural tourism, and reveals the influencing factors of the evolution with the help of geographic detectors. The results show that: (1) The annual and seasonal changes of rural tourism heat are obvious. The annual change presents s an "S" shaped evolution track, seasonal variation is characterized by "three peaks and four valleys", but the degree of seasonal influence on different types of rural tourist attractions is slightly different. (2) The spatial structure of rural tourism in Jiangsu province experienced the evolution of "mononuclear-dual-nuclear-trinuclear" in 2009-2017, but its heterogeneity is still significant, basically maintaining the overall characteristics of "high in the south and east regions, while low in the north and west regions". The hot spots are concentrated in southern Jiangsu and gradually evolve into cold spots in the north. The evolution of spatial structure shows a trend of "expanding from the west to the north". (3) There are obvious strength differences and time variations among the influencing factors. Transportation convenience and reception capacity have always been the main influencing factors. The economic development has a significant positive impact on the early development of rural tourism, and the influence of tourism resource tends to decline. The positive influence of ecological environment and government orientation on rural tourism is increasing. Hotspot identification based on network data provides a new perspective for quantitative research of rural tourism. In terms of practicability, it is helpful to clarify the evolution characteristics of the cold and hot patterns of rural tourism so as to provide important guiding significance for rural tourism resource development and regional cooperation.Rural tourism has important practical significance for optimizing the rural industrial structure, and recovering the rural economy, especially for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Thus, rural tourism is not only the focus of local government and tourism enterprises, but also a hot topic in domestic and international tourism research. At the same time, with the development and popularization of the Internet, travel websites, social software and other online platforms have become important tools to obtain travel information, make travel decisions, and share travel experiences. Tourism big data provides data sources and methodological support for rural tourism research. Based on data of tourism network, this paper puts forward a method for identifying rural tourism hotspots. Taking Jiangsu province as an example, this paper uses the methods of trend surface, nuclear density estimation and hot spot analysis to explore the cold and hot patterns of rural tourism, and reveals the influencing factors of the evolution with the help of geographic detectors. The results show that: (1) The annual and seasonal changes of rural tourism heat are obvious. The annual change presents s an "S" shaped evolution track, seasonal variation is characterized by "three peaks and four valleys", but the degree of seasonal influence on different types of rural tourist attractions is slightly different. (2) The spatial structure of rural tourism in Jiangsu province experienced the evolution of "mononuclear-dual-nuclear-trinuclear" in 2009-2017, but its heterogeneity is still significant, basically maintaining the overall characteristics of "high in the south and east regions, while low in the north and west regions". The hot spots are concentrated in southern Jiangsu and gradually evolve into cold spots in the north. The evolution of spatial structure shows a trend of "expanding from the west to the north". (3) There are obvious strength differences and time variations among the influencing factors. Transportation convenience and reception capacity have always been the main influencing factors. The economic development has a significant positive impact on the early development of rural tourism, and the influence of tourism resource tends to decline. The positive influence of ecological environment and government orientation on rural tourism is increasing. Hotspot identification based on network data provides a new perspective for quantitative research of rural tourism. In terms of practicability, it is helpful to clarify the evolution characteristics of the cold and hot patterns of rural tourism so as to provide important guiding significance for rural tourism resource development and regional cooperation.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2848 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201203
LIU Jian-zhi, FANG Yan-gang, and WANG Ru-ru
Under the background of the agricultural supply-side structural reform and rural revitalization, it is critical to raise farmers' income, realize sustainable agricultural development and guarantee food security by developing multiple agriculture functions in various regions and coordinating the development of regions with different agricultural functional characteristics. The spatio-temporal differentiation of agricultural multifunctions results from the comprehensive effects of the agricultural resource endowments and the socio-economic development level and stages. This paper constructs an evaluation index system of agricultural multifunctions. Taking Shandong province as an example, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of agricultural multifunctions at county level from 2004 to 2017 by using spatial mismatch, regression analysis and so on. The results are shown as follows: The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural functions in the province were significantly different during 2004-2017. Among them, the agricultural products supplying function showed a growth trend of increasing first and decreasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in the "half-ring" area surrounding the south-central mountainous area of Shandong province; the economic development function showed a growth trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were transformed from traditional agricultural areas with high proportion of agriculture to modern agricultural areas with high agricultural output value and distinctive agricultural areas which have high-value agricultural products or prosperous correlative industries such as agricultural tourism; the social security function showed a downward trend, and its high-value areas were concentrated in the grain producing areas with large farmland area per labor and the mountainous-hilly areas with distinctive agriculture; the ecological service function showed a downward trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in mountainous-hilly areas with good ecological basement. The impact of factors on different elements of the same function differed in direction and extent, which resulted in changes of agricultural functional structure. Finally, based on the functional perspective, this paper proposes the development paths and zoning optimization strategies for agriculture in Shandong province.Under the background of the agricultural supply-side structural reform and rural revitalization, it is critical to raise farmers' income, realize sustainable agricultural development and guarantee food security by developing multiple agriculture functions in various regions and coordinating the development of regions with different agricultural functional characteristics. The spatio-temporal differentiation of agricultural multifunctions results from the comprehensive effects of the agricultural resource endowments and the socio-economic development level and stages. This paper constructs an evaluation index system of agricultural multifunctions. Taking Shandong province as an example, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of agricultural multifunctions at county level from 2004 to 2017 by using spatial mismatch, regression analysis and so on. The results are shown as follows: The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural functions in the province were significantly different during 2004-2017. Among them, the agricultural products supplying function showed a growth trend of increasing first and decreasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in the "half-ring" area surrounding the south-central mountainous area of Shandong province; the economic development function showed a growth trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were transformed from traditional agricultural areas with high proportion of agriculture to modern agricultural areas with high agricultural output value and distinctive agricultural areas which have high-value agricultural products or prosperous correlative industries such as agricultural tourism; the social security function showed a downward trend, and its high-value areas were concentrated in the grain producing areas with large farmland area per labor and the mountainous-hilly areas with distinctive agriculture; the ecological service function showed a downward trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in mountainous-hilly areas with good ecological basement. The impact of factors on different elements of the same function differed in direction and extent, which resulted in changes of agricultural functional structure. Finally, based on the functional perspective, this paper proposes the development paths and zoning optimization strategies for agriculture in Shandong province.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2901 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201207
FAN Jun-kai, and XU Jian-gang
Urban vulnerability is an effective measure to evaluate urban development resilience. At present, most studies on urban vulnerability focus on the special city and use the statistical method in China, and there is no urban vulnerability assessment method that is applicable to all the regional urban agglomerations. Taking the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration as an example, this paper develops an assessment system of urban vulnerability from three aspects of environmental system, economic system and social system. Entropy method and back propagation neural network model are used to evaluate the urban vulnerability of the study area from 2007 to 2016. The evaluation shows that the vulnerability of this urban agglomeration has a declining trend on the whole, but there is a big difference between the urban groups, which shows an unbalanced development. The evaluation results have reference significance for the planning and resilience development of the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, and provide a scientific evaluation method for the study on the comprehensive development vulnerability of urban agglomeration.Urban vulnerability is an effective measure to evaluate urban development resilience. At present, most studies on urban vulnerability focus on the special city and use the statistical method in China, and there is no urban vulnerability assessment method that is applicable to all the regional urban agglomerations. Taking the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration as an example, this paper develops an assessment system of urban vulnerability from three aspects of environmental system, economic system and social system. Entropy method and back propagation neural network model are used to evaluate the urban vulnerability of the study area from 2007 to 2016. The evaluation shows that the vulnerability of this urban agglomeration has a declining trend on the whole, but there is a big difference between the urban groups, which shows an unbalanced development. The evaluation results have reference significance for the planning and resilience development of the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, and provide a scientific evaluation method for the study on the comprehensive development vulnerability of urban agglomeration.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2875 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201205
ZHAN Dong-sheng, WU Qian-qian, YU Jian-hui, ZHANG Wen-zhong, and ZHANG Juan-feng
Based on national second-hand housing price monitoring data from CityRE database, spatiotemporal change characteristics of 126 resource-based cities' housing prices in China during 2011 to 2018 are analyzed in detail using descriptive statistics and GIS spatial analysis method, and its influencing factors are further revealed by Spatial Durbin Model. The results show that: (1) The average housing prices of resource-based cities in 2011 and 2018 are 4105 and 5675 yuan per square metre respectively, and average housing prices of regenerative cities, mature cities, growing cities and declining cities decrease in turn. (2) Average housing prices of resource-based cities in China fluctuated upward from 2011 to 2018 with a growth rate of 38.2%, which is lower than that of the national average housing prices. In addition, the growth rate of housing price varies across different types of resource-based cities, while mature and regenerative cities have relatively large values. (3) There are significant spatial agglomeration characteristics of housing prices and the price change in resource-based cities. Hot spots of housing prices are mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions, while cold spots of housing prices are mainly distributed in the northeastern and western regions. (4) Spatial Durbin Model suggests that per capita GDP, per capita investment in housing development, diversity index, specialization index and industrial wastewater discharge intensity are the main factors affecting housing prices' spatial differentiation of resource-based cities in China.Based on national second-hand housing price monitoring data from CityRE database, spatiotemporal change characteristics of 126 resource-based cities' housing prices in China during 2011 to 2018 are analyzed in detail using descriptive statistics and GIS spatial analysis method, and its influencing factors are further revealed by Spatial Durbin Model. The results show that: (1) The average housing prices of resource-based cities in 2011 and 2018 are 4105 and 5675 yuan per square metre respectively, and average housing prices of regenerative cities, mature cities, growing cities and declining cities decrease in turn. (2) Average housing prices of resource-based cities in China fluctuated upward from 2011 to 2018 with a growth rate of 38.2%, which is lower than that of the national average housing prices. In addition, the growth rate of housing price varies across different types of resource-based cities, while mature and regenerative cities have relatively large values. (3) There are significant spatial agglomeration characteristics of housing prices and the price change in resource-based cities. Hot spots of housing prices are mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions, while cold spots of housing prices are mainly distributed in the northeastern and western regions. (4) Spatial Durbin Model suggests that per capita GDP, per capita investment in housing development, diversity index, specialization index and industrial wastewater discharge intensity are the main factors affecting housing prices' spatial differentiation of resource-based cities in China.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2888 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201206
CONG Li, YU Jia-ping, and WANG Ling-en
The interaction between human beings and wild animals has a profound and complex history. Wildlife tourism has gradually been seen as a compatible medium for people to interact with nature and wild animals. Along with the increasing demand in China, the supply of wildlife-themed tourist attractions, to some extent, has disordered competition, resulting in a waste of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to sort and analyze the resource base of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China. Selecting 574 semi-consumptive wildlife tourism attractions in China from 1906 to 2019 as objects of study, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution, evolution characteristics as well as the related influencing factors of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China, using models such as inter-annual variability index, nearest neighbor index, geographic concentration index, the Gini coefficient and the nuclear density analysis. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the opening time of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China is scattered, and can be roughly divided into four stages, namely the exploration stage (1906-1948), rapid development stage (1949-1959), slow development stage (1960-1992) and high-speed development stage (1993-2019). (2) In terms of space, the attractions present a cohesive distribution, and are geographically concentrated. The development between regions is highly unbalanced. Three high-density areas have formed with Beijing, Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai and Guangzhou as cores. Overall, there are more attractions in the eastern and southern coastal areas and less in the western part of China, with a transition in central China. Over time, the cohesion form continues and geographic concentration index gradually decreases approaching the assumed average level. However, the growth between regions is increasingly unbalanced. (3) The distribution of wildlife tourist attractions is influenced by development of history and national policies concerning the protection of wildlife animals, and has a certain positive correlation with the local factors such as population, the degree of economic development and the scale of tourism development. The attractions tend to be located in areas with great regional advantages, high population density, developed economy and leading tourism development. The research conclusion provides an overall cognition of spatial and temporal distribution of semi-consumptive wildlife attractions in China and will be the scientific basis and reference for investors and relevant managers to promote the further development and planning of wildlife tourism in the future.The interaction between human beings and wild animals has a profound and complex history. Wildlife tourism has gradually been seen as a compatible medium for people to interact with nature and wild animals. Along with the increasing demand in China, the supply of wildlife-themed tourist attractions, to some extent, has disordered competition, resulting in a waste of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to sort and analyze the resource base of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China. Selecting 574 semi-consumptive wildlife tourism attractions in China from 1906 to 2019 as objects of study, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution, evolution characteristics as well as the related influencing factors of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China, using models such as inter-annual variability index, nearest neighbor index, geographic concentration index, the Gini coefficient and the nuclear density analysis. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the opening time of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China is scattered, and can be roughly divided into four stages, namely the exploration stage (1906-1948), rapid development stage (1949-1959), slow development stage (1960-1992) and high-speed development stage (1993-2019). (2) In terms of space, the attractions present a cohesive distribution, and are geographically concentrated. The development between regions is highly unbalanced. Three high-density areas have formed with Beijing, Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai and Guangzhou as cores. Overall, there are more attractions in the eastern and southern coastal areas and less in the western part of China, with a transition in central China. Over time, the cohesion form continues and geographic concentration index gradually decreases approaching the assumed average level. However, the growth between regions is increasingly unbalanced. (3) The distribution of wildlife tourist attractions is influenced by development of history and national policies concerning the protection of wildlife animals, and has a certain positive correlation with the local factors such as population, the degree of economic development and the scale of tourism development. The attractions tend to be located in areas with great regional advantages, high population density, developed economy and leading tourism development. The research conclusion provides an overall cognition of spatial and temporal distribution of semi-consumptive wildlife attractions in China and will be the scientific basis and reference for investors and relevant managers to promote the further development and planning of wildlife tourism in the future.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2831 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201202
LIANG Jian-fei, and CHEN Song-lin
It is of great practical significance to explore the regional difference characteristics and driving mechanism of the utilization efficiency of construction land under environmental constraints. The purpose is to guide the efficient utilization of urban construction land, alleviate the contradiction between social and economic development and ecological environment in the process of rapid urbanization, as well as achieve regional coordinated development. Taking environmental pollution as an unexpected output into the evaluation system, we systematically studied the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics, dynamic trend evolution and driving factors of urban construction land use efficiency in Fujian province from 2006 to 2016. Models adopted in this analysis include the non-expected output SE-SBM model, coefficient of variation, and GML index and gray relational model. The results showed that: (1) During 2006-2016, the utilization efficiency of urban construction land in Fujian fluctuated in a sinusoidal pattern. The input-output efficiency had always been put at the effective frontier from 2012 to 2016. It is easy to find the differences of efficiency values between regions. It can also be found that there exists a non-positive correlation between efficiency and economic development level. (2) The spatial pattern suggests that the efficiency of the eastern coastal region is higher than that of the western inland areas, which forms an obvious cluster effect. Although Zhangzhou city is located in the southeastern coastal area, its efficiency value in 2016 was still in an invalid state without a fundamental change, which further illustrates that the radiation driving role of high-efficiency cities is weak. (3) The TFP of Fujian shows a sinusoidal growth trend, and the overall development trend is good. The agglomeration scale effect caused by technological progress is the main reason for the variance in the growth rate of regional TFP. Technological factor is the key to narrow the gap in the growth rate of regional TFP. (4) Urbanization level, ecological input, government regulation, cultivated land resource endowment, R&D investment in science and technology, as well as the advanced industrial structure are the main driving factors affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolution of urban construction land-use efficiency in Fujian province.It is of great practical significance to explore the regional difference characteristics and driving mechanism of the utilization efficiency of construction land under environmental constraints. The purpose is to guide the efficient utilization of urban construction land, alleviate the contradiction between social and economic development and ecological environment in the process of rapid urbanization, as well as achieve regional coordinated development. Taking environmental pollution as an unexpected output into the evaluation system, we systematically studied the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics, dynamic trend evolution and driving factors of urban construction land use efficiency in Fujian province from 2006 to 2016. Models adopted in this analysis include the non-expected output SE-SBM model, coefficient of variation, and GML index and gray relational model. The results showed that: (1) During 2006-2016, the utilization efficiency of urban construction land in Fujian fluctuated in a sinusoidal pattern. The input-output efficiency had always been put at the effective frontier from 2012 to 2016. It is easy to find the differences of efficiency values between regions. It can also be found that there exists a non-positive correlation between efficiency and economic development level. (2) The spatial pattern suggests that the efficiency of the eastern coastal region is higher than that of the western inland areas, which forms an obvious cluster effect. Although Zhangzhou city is located in the southeastern coastal area, its efficiency value in 2016 was still in an invalid state without a fundamental change, which further illustrates that the radiation driving role of high-efficiency cities is weak. (3) The TFP of Fujian shows a sinusoidal growth trend, and the overall development trend is good. The agglomeration scale effect caused by technological progress is the main reason for the variance in the growth rate of regional TFP. Technological factor is the key to narrow the gap in the growth rate of regional TFP. (4) Urbanization level, ecological input, government regulation, cultivated land resource endowment, R&D investment in science and technology, as well as the advanced industrial structure are the main driving factors affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolution of urban construction land-use efficiency in Fujian province.
- May. 08, 2021
- Journal of Natural Resources
- Vol.35 Issue, 12 2862 (2020)
- DOI：10.31497/zrzyxb.20201204
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