• Acta Optica Sinica
  • Vol. 41, Issue 1, 0111001 (2021)
Xiang Hao1, Qing Yang1, Cuifang Kuang1、2, and Xu Liu1、2、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
  • 2Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/AOS202141.0111001 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Xiang Hao, Qing Yang, Cuifang Kuang, Xu Liu. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging Based on Frequency Shift[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(1): 0111001 Copy Citation Text show less
    Two basic mechanisms for improving resolution[10]. (a) Frequency compression; (b) frequency shift[11]
    Fig. 1. Two basic mechanisms for improving resolution[10]. (a) Frequency compression; (b) frequency shift[11]
    Imaging principle of SAM. (a) Schematic of SAM system[12]; (b) synthetic spectrum[18]
    Fig. 2. Imaging principle of SAM. (a) Schematic of SAM system[12]; (b) synthetic spectrum[18]
    Flow chart of FPM[20]
    Fig. 3. Flow chart of FPM[20]
    Imaging principle of SIM. (a) Moire fringe effect of illuminating the sample with the sinusoidal structured pattern; (b) expansion of passband in one direction; (c) expansion of passband in two-dimensional orientation
    Fig. 4. Imaging principle of SIM. (a) Moire fringe effect of illuminating the sample with the sinusoidal structured pattern; (b) expansion of passband in one direction; (c) expansion of passband in two-dimensional orientation
    Comparison between SPIN and SPADE system[34]. (a) Schematic of SPIN system; (b) schematic of SPADE system
    Fig. 5. Comparison between SPIN and SPADE system[34]. (a) Schematic of SPIN system; (b) schematic of SPADE system
    Principle of SSIM[36]. (a) Nonlinear relationship between fluorescent emission rate and illumination intensity; (b) intensity distribution of effective emission pattern; (c) spectrum distribution of effective emission pattern
    Fig. 6. Principle of SSIM[36]. (a) Nonlinear relationship between fluorescent emission rate and illumination intensity; (b) intensity distribution of effective emission pattern; (c) spectrum distribution of effective emission pattern
    Working principle of NFOMM[39]. (a) System schematic; (b) phase coding and corresponding system effective PSFs and OTFs; (c) normalized intensity profiles of modulated foci; (d) simulated imaging results
    Fig. 7. Working principle of NFOMM[39]. (a) System schematic; (b) phase coding and corresponding system effective PSFs and OTFs; (c) normalized intensity profiles of modulated foci; (d) simulated imaging results
    Principle of multi-focus saturated virtual modulation[40]. (a) Scanning process; (b) multi-spot complex detection system; (c) procedure for virtual modulation
    Fig. 8. Principle of multi-focus saturated virtual modulation[40]. (a) Scanning process; (b) multi-spot complex detection system; (c) procedure for virtual modulation
    Schematic of parallel detection system[45]. (a) Scheme comparison between confocal (top) and parallel detection (bottom) detection paths; (b) position distribution of each detector in parallel detection module; (c) representative images obtained by parallel detection system
    Fig. 9. Schematic of parallel detection system[45]. (a) Scheme comparison between confocal (top) and parallel detection (bottom) detection paths; (b) position distribution of each detector in parallel detection module; (c) representative images obtained by parallel detection system
    Schematic of VIKMOM and its decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery[52]. (a) Principle of imaging system; (b) decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery
    Fig. 10. Schematic of VIKMOM and its decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery[52]. (a) Principle of imaging system; (b) decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery
    Scheme of microfibre based super-resolution imaging system[53]. (a) 3D structure of experimental system; (b) relative positions of microfibre, sample, and focal plane of objective lens; (c)--(e) far-field imaging obtained when the microscope objective lens is focused on different positions
    Fig. 11. Scheme of microfibre based super-resolution imaging system[53]. (a) 3D structure of experimental system; (b) relative positions of microfibre, sample, and focal plane of objective lens; (c)--(e) far-field imaging obtained when the microscope objective lens is focused on different positions
    Schematic of evanescent wave induced frequency shift for super-resolution microscopy[54]
    Fig. 12. Schematic of evanescent wave induced frequency shift for super-resolution microscopy[54]
    Principle of NWRIM[56]. (a) Schematic illustration of NWRIM; (b) super-resolution imaging results of various two-dimensional sub-diffractive structures using NWRIM
    Fig. 13. Principle of NWRIM[56]. (a) Schematic illustration of NWRIM; (b) super-resolution imaging results of various two-dimensional sub-diffractive structures using NWRIM
    Absence of spectral components caused by excessive SPP frequency shift step
    Fig. 14. Absence of spectral components caused by excessive SPP frequency shift step
    ClassificationNameTechnical feature
    Synthetic aperturemicroscopySAM[12-14]FPM[20]1) Earliest emerging methods2) Coherent imaging is an essential3) Resolution enhancement is limited by the numerical aperture of the system4) Work in wide-field illumination mode
    TransmittedmodalityStructured illuminationfrequency-shift super-resolution imagingtechniqueSIM[27-33]SPIN[34]SSIM[35, 36]NL-SIM[37, 38]NFOMM[39]VSM/VTM[40]1) Most classic methods2) Compatible with fluoresce microscopy3) Work in both wide-field and confocal modes4) Unless the nonlinear effects of fluorescence is applied, the resolution is still limited by the systematic NA5) If the nonlinear effects of fluorescence is applicable, the theoretical resolution can be unlimited, but in practice, the resolution improvement is confined by a series of factors, especially by the fluorescence bleaching
    super-resolution imagingtechnique based onfrequency shift on detectorSPADE[34]Airyscan[43]ISM[41]OPRA[44]VSD[49]VIKMOM[52]1) Work in confocal mode, but most of them apply detector array to improve the performance2) Befitting from the virtual frequency shift during the data processing, the flexibility improves
    EvanescentmodalityFrequency shift super-resolution imagingtechnique based on directevanescent waveilluminationNano-fiber induced evanescent field[53]Total internal reflection induced evanescent field[54]Nano-wire induced evanescent field[55]NWRIM[56]1) Work in wide-field mode2) The resolution is determined by the K vector of evanescent wave, instead of the systematic NA. In principle, the achievable resolution can be infinite 3) To maximize the resolution enhancement, the evanescent wave with larger K vectors is an essence. To compensate the frequency loss, multiple frequency shift and retrieval steps with different step sizes are needed
    SPP frequency-shiftsuper-resolutionimaging techniquepSIM[58-63]LP-SIM[64-66]1) Work in wide-field mode2) Resolution is determined by the K vector of SPP, instead of the systematic NA3) Due to the refractive index of the available substrate material, it is challenging to compensate the frequency loss
    Table 1. Summary of all frequency-shift based super-resolution imaging techniques
    Xiang Hao, Qing Yang, Cuifang Kuang, Xu Liu. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging Based on Frequency Shift[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(1): 0111001
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