Xiang Hao, Qing Yang, Cuifang Kuang, Xu Liu. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging Based on Frequency Shift[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(1): 0111001

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- Acta Optica Sinica
- Vol. 41, Issue 1, 0111001 (2021)
![Two basic mechanisms for improving resolution[10]. (a) Frequency compression; (b) frequency shift[11]](/richHtml/gxxb/2021/41/1/0111001/img_1.jpg)
Fig. 1. Two basic mechanisms for improving resolution[10]. (a) Frequency compression; (b) frequency shift[11]
![Imaging principle of SAM. (a) Schematic of SAM system[12]; (b) synthetic spectrum[18]](/richHtml/gxxb/2021/41/1/0111001/img_2.jpg)
![Flow chart of FPM[20]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 3. Flow chart of FPM[20]

Fig. 4. Imaging principle of SIM. (a) Moire fringe effect of illuminating the sample with the sinusoidal structured pattern; (b) expansion of passband in one direction; (c) expansion of passband in two-dimensional orientation
![Comparison between SPIN and SPADE system[34]. (a) Schematic of SPIN system; (b) schematic of SPADE system](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 5. Comparison between SPIN and SPADE system[34]. (a) Schematic of SPIN system; (b) schematic of SPADE system
![Principle of SSIM[36]. (a) Nonlinear relationship between fluorescent emission rate and illumination intensity; (b) intensity distribution of effective emission pattern; (c) spectrum distribution of effective emission pattern](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 6. Principle of SSIM[36]. (a) Nonlinear relationship between fluorescent emission rate and illumination intensity; (b) intensity distribution of effective emission pattern; (c) spectrum distribution of effective emission pattern
![Working principle of NFOMM[39]. (a) System schematic; (b) phase coding and corresponding system effective PSFs and OTFs; (c) normalized intensity profiles of modulated foci; (d) simulated imaging results](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 7. Working principle of NFOMM[39]. (a) System schematic; (b) phase coding and corresponding system effective PSFs and OTFs; (c) normalized intensity profiles of modulated foci; (d) simulated imaging results
![Principle of multi-focus saturated virtual modulation[40]. (a) Scanning process; (b) multi-spot complex detection system; (c) procedure for virtual modulation](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 8. Principle of multi-focus saturated virtual modulation[40]. (a) Scanning process; (b) multi-spot complex detection system; (c) procedure for virtual modulation
![Schematic of parallel detection system[45]. (a) Scheme comparison between confocal (top) and parallel detection (bottom) detection paths; (b) position distribution of each detector in parallel detection module; (c) representative images obtained by parallel detection system](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 9. Schematic of parallel detection system[45]. (a) Scheme comparison between confocal (top) and parallel detection (bottom) detection paths; (b) position distribution of each detector in parallel detection module; (c) representative images obtained by parallel detection system
![Schematic of VIKMOM and its decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery[52]. (a) Principle of imaging system; (b) decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 10. Schematic of VIKMOM and its decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery[52]. (a) Principle of imaging system; (b) decoding procedure for super-resolution image recovery
![Scheme of microfibre based super-resolution imaging system[53]. (a) 3D structure of experimental system; (b) relative positions of microfibre, sample, and focal plane of objective lens; (c)--(e) far-field imaging obtained when the microscope objective lens is focused on different positions](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 11. Scheme of microfibre based super-resolution imaging system[53]. (a) 3D structure of experimental system; (b) relative positions of microfibre, sample, and focal plane of objective lens; (c)--(e) far-field imaging obtained when the microscope objective lens is focused on different positions
![Schematic of evanescent wave induced frequency shift for super-resolution microscopy[54]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 12. Schematic of evanescent wave induced frequency shift for super-resolution microscopy[54]
![Principle of NWRIM[56]. (a) Schematic illustration of NWRIM; (b) super-resolution imaging results of various two-dimensional sub-diffractive structures using NWRIM](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 13. Principle of NWRIM[56]. (a) Schematic illustration of NWRIM; (b) super-resolution imaging results of various two-dimensional sub-diffractive structures using NWRIM

Fig. 14. Absence of spectral components caused by excessive SPP frequency shift step
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Table 1. Summary of all frequency-shift based super-resolution imaging techniques

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