• Journal of Semiconductors
  • Vol. 41, Issue 9, 091709 (2020)
Aizhen Liao1, Huichao He3, Yong Zhou2、4, and Zhigang Zou2、4
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China
  • 2National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
  • 4Ecomaterials and Renewable Energy Research Center, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
  • show less
    DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091709 Cite this Article
    Aizhen Liao, Huichao He, Yong Zhou, Zhigang Zou. Typical strategies to facilitate charge transfer for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction: Case studies on hematite[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(9): 091709 Copy Citation Text show less
    References

    [1] Z Wang, C Li, K Domen. Recent developments in heterogeneous photocatalysts for solar-driven overall water splitting. Chem Soc Rev, 48, 2109(2019).

    [2] Z Zou, J Ye, K Sayama et al. Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. Nature, 414, 625(2001).

    [3] A Fujishima, K Honda. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 238, 37(1972).

    [4] Y Ma, X L Wang, Y S Jia et al. Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations. Chem Rev, 114, 9987(2014).

    [5] S C Wang, P Chen, Y Bai et al. New BiVO4 dual photoanodes with enriched oxygen vacancies for efficient solar-driven water splitting. Adv Mater, 30, 1800486(2018).

    [6] W Wang, X M Xu, W Zhou et al. Recent progress in metal-organic frameworks for applications in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting. Adv Sci, 4, 1600371(2017).

    [7] A G Tamirat, J Rick, A A Dubale et al. Using hematite for photoelectrochemical water splitting: A review of current progress and challenges. Nanoscale Horiz, 1, 243(2016).

    [8] M Tahir, L Pan, F Idrees et al. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction for energy conversion and storage: A comprehensive review. Nano Energy, 37, 136(2017).

    [9] I Roger, M A Shipman, M D Symes. Earth-abundant catalysts for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nat Rev Chem, 1, 0003(2017).

    [10] S H Shen, S A Lindley, X Y Chen et al. Hematite heterostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting: Rational materials design and charge carrier dynamics. Energy Environ Sci, 9, 2744(2016).

    [11] L M Carneiro, S K Cushing, C Liu et al. Excitation-wavelength-dependent small polaron trapping of photoexcited carriers in α-Fe2O3. Nat Mater, 16, 819(2017).

    [12] T Wang, W J Luo, X Wen et al. Nonequilibrium Ti4+ doping significantly enhances the performance of Fe2O3 photoanodes by quenching. ChemNanoMat, 2, 652(2016).

    [13] K Sivula, Formal F Le, M Grätzel. Solar water splitting: Progress using hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. ChemSusChem, 4, 432(2011).

    [14] D A Wheeler, G M Wang, Y C Ling et al. Nanostructured hematite: Synthesis, characterization, charge carrier dynamics, and photoelectrochemical properties. Energy Environ Sci, 5, 6682(2012).

    [15] S R Pendlebury, A J Cowan, M Barroso et al. Correlating long-lived photogenerated hole populations with photocurrent densities in hematite water oxidation photoanodes. Energy Environ Sci, 5, 6304(2012).

    [16] M Barroso, S R Pendlebury, A J Cowan et al. Charge carrier trapping, recombination and transfer in hematite (α-Fe2O3) water splitting photoanodes. Chem Sci, 4, 2724(2013).

    [17] G G Bessegato, T T Guaraldo, M V B Zanoni et al. Enhancement of photoelectrocatalysis efficiency by using nanostructured electrodes. Mod Electrochem Methods Nano, Surface Corros Sci, 11, 27(2014).

    [18] A G Tamirat, W N Su, A A Dubale et al. Photoelectrochemical water splitting at low applied potential using a NiOOH coated codoped (Sn, Zr) α-Fe2O3 photoanode. J Mater Chem A, 3, 5949(2015).

    [19] L C Jia, K Harbauer, P Bogdanoff et al. α-Fe2O3 films for photoelectrochemical water oxidation – insights of key performance parameters. J Mater Chem A, 2, 20196(2014).

    [20] G M Wang, Y C Ling, X H Lu et al. A mechanistic study into the catalytic effect of Ni(OH)2 on hematite for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nanoscale, 5, 4129(2013).

    [21] J Y Kim, G Magesh, D H Youn et al. Single-crystalline, wormlike hematite photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting. Sci Rep, 3, 2681(2013).

    [22] C D Bohn, A K Agrawal, E C Walter et al. Effect of tin doping on α-Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting. J Phys Chem C, 116, 15290(2012).

    [23] B Klahr, S Gimenez, F Fabregat-Santiago et al. Water oxidation at hematite photoelectrodes: The role of surface states. J Am Chem Soc, 134, 4294(2012).

    [24] U Bjoerksten, J Moser, M Graetzel. Photoelectrochemical studies on nanocrystalline hematite films. Chem Mater, 6, 858(1994).

    [25] J Vura-Weis, C M Jiang, C Liu et al. Femtosecond M2, 3-edge spectroscopy of transition-metal oxides: Photoinduced oxidation state change in α-Fe2O3. J Phys Chem Lett, 4, 3667(2013).

    [26] A G Joly, J R Williams, S A Chambers et al. Carrier dynamics in α-Fe2O3 (0001) thin films and single crystals probed by femtosecond transient absorption and reflectivity. J Appl Phys, 99, 053521(2006).

    [27] M P Dare-Edwards, J B Goodenough, A Hamnett et al. Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of iron(III) oxide. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 1, 79, 2027(1983).

    [28] K Sivula. Metal oxide photoelectrodes for solar fuel production, surface traps, and catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett, 4, 1624(2013).

    [29] H Dotan, O Kfir, E Sharlin et al. Resonant light trapping in ultrathin films for water splitting. Nat Mater, 12, 158(2013).

    [30] J T Li, S K Cushing, P Zheng et al. Plasmon-induced photonic and energy-transfer enhancement of solar water splitting by a hematite nanorod array. Nat Commun, 4, 2651(2013).

    [31] X G Wen, S H Wang, Y Ding et al. Controlled growth of large-area, uniform, vertically aligned arrays of α-Fe2O3Nanobelts and nanowires. J Phys Chem B, 109, 215(2005).

    [32] C C Li, A Li, Z B Luo et al. Inside back cover: Surviving high-temperature calcination: ZrO2 -induced hematite nanotubes for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed, 56, 4361(2017).

    [33] M Y Li, Y Yang, Y C Ling et al. Morphology and doping engineering of Sn-doped hematite nanowire photoanodes. Nano Lett, 17, 2490(2017).

    [34] C J Jia, L D Sun, Z G Yan et al. Iron oxide tube-in-tube nanostructures. J Phys Chem C, 111, 13022(2007).

    [35] U Cvelbar, Z Q Chen, M K Sunkara et al. Spontaneous growth of superstructure α-Fe2O3 nanowire and nanobelt arrays in reactive oxygen plasma. Small, 4, 1610(2008).

    [36] A Z Liao, H C He, L Q Tang et al. Quasi-topotactic transformation of FeOOH nanorods to robust Fe2O3 porous nanopillars triggered with a facile rapid dehydration strategy for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 10, 10141(2018).

    [37] J S Chen, X W Lou. Anatase TiO2 nanosheet: An ideal host structure for fast and efficient lithium insertion/extraction. Electrochem Commun, 11, 2332(2009).

    [38] S Hoang, S P Berglund, R R Fullon et al. Chemical bath deposition of vertically aligned TiO2 nanoplatelet arrays for solar energy conversion applications. J Mater Chem A, 1, 4307(2013).

    [39] L Wang, C Y Lee, A Mazare et al. Enhancing the water splitting efficiency of Sn-doped hematite nanoflakes by flame annealing. Chem Eur J, 20, 77(2014).

    [40] M Ji, J G Cai, Y R Ma et al. Controlled growth of ferrihydrite branched nanosheet arrays and their transformation to hematite nanosheet arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 8, 3651(2016).

    [41] H Han, F Riboni, F Karlicky et al. A-Fe2O3/TiO2 3D hierarchical nanostructures for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanoscale, 9, 134(2017).

    [42] C W Cheng, H J Fan. Branched nanowires: Synthesis and energy applications. Nano Today, 7, 327(2012).

    [43] H N Chen, S H Yang. Hierarchical nanostructures of metal oxides for enhancing charge separation and transport in photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion systems. Nanoscale Horiz, 1, 96(2016).

    [44] Y G Li, X L Wei, B W Zhu et al. Hierarchically branched Fe2O3@TiO2nanorod arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting: Facile synthesis and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Nanoscale, 8, 11284(2016).

    [45] Z B Luo, T Wang, J J Zhang et al. Cover picture: Dendritic hematite nanoarray photoanode modified with a conformal titanium dioxide interlayer for effective charge collection. Angew Chem Int Ed, 56, 12791(2017).

    [46] A W Pu, J J Deng, M Li et al. Coupling Ti-doping and oxygen vacancies in hematite nanostructures for solar water oxidation with high efficiency. J Mater Chem A, 2, 2491(2014).

    [47] D P Cao, W J Luo, M X Li et al. A transparent Ti4+ doped hematite photoanode protectively grown by a facile hydrothermal method. CrystEngComm, 15, 2386(2013).

    [48] J C Launay, G Horowitz. Crystal growth and photoelectrochemical study of Zr-doped α-Fe2O3 single crystal. J Cryst Growth, 57, 118(1982).

    [49] M A Lukowski, S Jin. Improved synthesis and electrical properties of Si-doped α-Fe2O3 nanowires. J Phys Chem C, 115, 12388(2011).

    [50] Y C Ling, G M Wang, D A Wheeler et al. Sn-doped hematite nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett, 11, 2119(2011).

    [51] H W Chang, Y M Fu, W Y Lee et al. Visible light-induced electronic structure modulation of Nb- and Ta-doped α-Fe2O3 nanorods for effective photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanotechnology, 29, 064002(2018).

    [52] Y S Hu, A Kleiman-Shwarsctein, A J Forman et al. Pt-doped α-Fe2O3Thin films active for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Mater, 20, 3803(2008).

    [53] A Annamalai, H H Lee, S H Choi et al. Sn/be sequentially co-doped hematite photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation: Effect of Be2+ as co-dopant. Sci Rep, 6, 23183(2016).

    [54] S Shen, n J Chen, M Wang et al. Titanium dioxide nanostructures for photoelectrochemical applications. Prog Mater Sci, 98, 299(2018).

    [55] S Li, J J Cai, Y L Liu et al. Tuning orientation of doped hematite photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 179, 328(2018).

    [56] M L Zhang, W J Luo, Z S Li et al. Improved photoelectrochemical responses of Si and Ti codoped α-Fe2O3 photoanode films. Appl Phys Lett, 97, 042105(2010).

    [57] J J Cai, H Chen, C X Liu et al. Engineered Sn- and Mg-doped hematite photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Dalton Trans, 49, 11282(2020).

    [58] F Amano, B Ohtani, H Yoshida. Role of doped titanium species in the enhanced photoelectrochemical properties of iron oxide films: Comparison between water oxidation and iodide ion oxidation. J Electroanal Chem, 766, 100(2016).

    [59] R Liu, Z Zheng, J Spurgeon et al. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance of semiconductors by surface passivation layers. Energy Environ Sci, 7, 2504(2014).

    [60] L F Xi, S Y Chiam, W F Mak et al. A novel strategy for surface treatment on hematite photoanode for efficient water oxidation. Chem Sci, 4, 164(2013).

    [61] D K Lee, K S Choi. Enhancing long-term photostability of BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water splitting by tuning electrolyte composition. Nat Energy, 3, 53(2018).

    [62] J R Ran, J Zhang, J G Yu et al. Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting. Chem Soc Rev, 43, 7787(2014).

    [63] J R Xiao, L L Fan, F G Zhao et al. Kinetic analysis of the synergistic effect of NaBH4 treatment and Co–Pi coating on Fe2O3 photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Catal, 381, 139(2020).

    [64] D Chen, Z F Liu, Z G Guo et al. 3D branched Ca-Fe2O3/Fe2O3 decorated with Pt and Co–Pi: Improved charge-separation dynamics and photoelectrochemical performance. ChemSusChem, 12, 3286(2019).

    [65] B Klahr, S Gimenez, F Fabregat-Santiago et al. Photoelectrochemical and impedance spectroscopic investigation of water oxidation with “Co–Pi”-coated hematite electrodes. J Am Chem Soc, 134, 16693(2012).

    [66] D K Zhong, D R Gamelin. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation by cobalt catalyst (“Co–Pi”)/α-Fe2O3 composite photoanodes: Oxygen evolution and resolution of a kinetic bottleneck. J Am Chem Soc, 132, 4202(2010).

    [67] G M Carroll, D R Gamelin. Kinetic analysis of photoelectrochemical water oxidation by mesostructured Co–Pi/α-Fe2O3 photoanodes. J Mater Chem A, 4, 2986(2016).

    [68] M W Kanan, J Yano, Y Surendranath et al. Structure and valency of a cobalt–phosphate water oxidation catalyst determined by in situ X-ray spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc, 132, 13692(2010).

    [69] J G McAlpin, Y Surendranath, M Dincǎ et al. EPR evidence for Co(IV) species produced during water oxidation at neutral pH. J Am Chem Soc, 132, 6882(2010).

    [70] S C Riha, B M Klahr, E C Tyo et al. Atomic layer deposition of a submonolayer catalyst for the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of water oxidation with hematite. ACS Nano, 7, 2396(2013).

    [71] L F Xi, P D Tran, S Y Chiam et al. Co3O4-decorated hematite nanorods as an effective photoanode for solar water oxidation. J Phys Chem C, 116, 13884(2012).

    [72] K M H Young, T W Hamann. Enhanced photocatalytic water oxidation efficiency with Ni(OH)2 catalysts deposited on α-Fe2O3 via ALD. Chem Commun, 50, 8727(2014).

    [73] Y R Hong, Z L Liu, S F B S A Al-Bukhari et al. Effect of oxygen evolution catalysts on hematite nanorods for solar water oxidation. Chem Commun, 47, 10653(2011).

    [74] Z L Wang, G J Liu, C M Ding et al. Synergetic effect of conjugated Ni(OH)2/IrO2 cocatalyst on titanium-doped hematite photoanode for solar water splitting. J Phys Chem C, 119, 19607(2015).

    [75] M Wang, J Q Wang, C Xi et al. A hydrogen-deficient nickel–cobalt double hydroxide for photocatalytic overall water splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed, 59, 11510(2020).

    [76] J Y Kim, D H Youn, K Kang et al. Highly conformal deposition of an ultrathin FeOOH layer on a hematite nanostructure for efficient solar water splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed, 128, 11012(2016).

    [77] Q Yu, X G Meng, T Wang et al. Hematite films decorated with nanostructured ferric oxyhydroxide as photoanodes for efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting. Adv Funct Mater, 25, 2686(2015).

    [78] L Liardet, J E Katz, J S Luo et al. An ultrathin cobalt–iron oxide catalyst for water oxidation on nanostructured hematite photoanodes. J Mater Chem A, 7, 6012(2019).

    [79] J W Jang, C Du, Y F Ye et al. Enabling unassisted solar water splitting by iron oxide and silicon. Nat Commun, 6, 7447(2015).

    [80] A Z Liao, H C He, Z W Fan et al. Facile room-temperature surface modification of unprecedented FeB co-catalysts on Fe2O3 nanorod photoanodes for high photoelectrochemical performance. J Catal, 352, 113(2017).

    [81] A Z Liao, R T Chen, F T Fan et al. Integration of FexS electrocatalysts and simultaneously generated interfacial oxygen vacancies to synergistically boost photoelectrochemical water splitting of Fe2O3 photoanodes. Chem Commun, 54, 13817(2018).

    [82] O Zandi, T W Hamann. Enhanced water splitting efficiency through selective surface state removal. J Phys Chem Lett, 5, 1522(2014).

    [83] Y Yang, M Forster, Y C Ling et al. Acid treatment enables suppression of electron-hole recombination in hematite for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed, 55, 3403(2016).

    [84] J Y Kim, J W Jang, D H Youn et al. A stable and efficient hematite photoanode in a neutral electrolyte for solar water splitting: Towards stability engineering. Adv Energy Mater, 4, 1400476(2014).

    [85] M Barroso, C A Mesa, M Grätzel et al. From the cover: Chemical approaches to artificial photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 15560(2012).

    [86] G J Liu, J Y Shi, F X Zhang et al. A tantalum nitride photoanode modified with a hole-storage layer for highly stable solar water splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed, 53, 7295(2014).

    [87] Q F Gui, Z Xu, H F Zhang et al. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance of anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays by surface passivation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 6, 17053(2014).

    [88] J J Kelly. The influence of surface recombination and trapping on the cathodic photocurrent at p-type III–V electrodes. J Electrochem Soc, 129, 730(1982).

    [89] L Steier, I Herraiz-Cardona, S Gimenez et al. Understanding the role of underlayers and overlayers in thin film hematite photoanodes. Adv Funct Mater, 24, 7681(2014).

    [90] Formal F Le, N Tétreault, M Cornuz et al. Passivating surface states on water splitting hematite photoanodes with alumina overlayers. Chem Sci, 2, 737(2011).

    [91] P Y Tang, J Arbiol. Engineering surface states of hematite based photoanodes for boosting photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanoscale Horiz, 4, 1256(2019).

    [92] P Zhou, J G Yu, M Jaroniec. All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic systems. Adv Mater, 26, 4920(2014).

    [93] H J Li, Y Zhou, W G Tu et al. State-of-the-art progress in diverse heterostructured photocatalysts toward promoting photocatalytic performance. Adv Funct Mater, 25, 998(2015).

    [94] A J Cowan, J R Durrant. Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels. Chem Soc Rev, 42, 2281(2013).

    [95] H L Wang, L S Zhang, Z G Chen et al. Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: Design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chem Soc Rev, 43, 5234(2014).

    [96] K Sivula, F L Formal, M Grätzel. WO3–Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting: A host scaffold, guest absorber approach. Chem Mater, 21, 2862(2009).

    [97] P Zhao, C X Kronawitter, X F Yang et al. WO3α-Fe2O3 composite photoelectrodes with low onset potential for solar water oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 16, 1327(2014).

    [98] M T Mayer, C Du, D W Wang. Hematite/Si nanowire dual-absorber system for photoelectrochemical water splitting at low applied potentials. J Am Chem Soc, 134, 12406(2012).

    [99] X Wang, K Q Peng, Y Hu et al. Silicon/hematite core/shell nanowire array decorated with gold nanoparticles for unbiased solar water oxidation. Nano Lett, 14, 18(2014).

    [100] K J McDonald, K S Choi. Synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties of Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 composite photoanodes for use in solar water oxidation. Chem Mater, 23, 4863(2011).

    [101] Y M Wang, T Yu, X Y Chen et al. Enhancement of photoelectric conversion properties of SrTiO3/α-Fe2O3heterojunction photoanode. J Phys D, 40, 3925(2007).

    [102] J T Li, F K Meng, S Suri et al. Photoelectrochemical performance enhanced by a nickel oxide –hematite p –n junction photoanode. Chem Commun, 48, 8213(2012).

    [103] D K Bora, A Braun, R Erni et al. Hematite–NiO/α-Ni(OH)2 heterostructure photoanodes with high electrocatalytic current density and charge storage capacity. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 15, 12648(2013).

    [104] A J Bard. Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photo-catalysis at semiconductors. J Photochem, 10, 59(1979).

    [105] Y Hou, F Zuo, A Dagg et al. Visible light-driven α-Fe2O3 nanorod/graphene/BiV1–xMoxO4 core/shell heterojunction array for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett, 12, 6464(2012).

    [106] A Z Liao, Y Zhou, L X Xiao et al. Correction: Direct Z scheme-fashioned photoanode systems consisting of Fe2O3 nanorod arrays and underlying thin Sb2Se3 layers toward enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. Nanoscale, 11, 1451(2019).

    [107] A Rehman, S Zulfiqar, I Shakir et al. Nanocrystalline hematite α-Fe2O3 synthesis with different precursors and their composites with graphene oxide. Ceram Int, 46, 8227(2020).

    [108] W L Fu, K Liu, X Zou et al. Surface engineering of defective hematite nanostructures coupled by graphene sheets with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 7, 12750(2019).

    [109] S A Carminati, A do Nascimento Barbosa, A L de Freitas et al. Unraveling the role of single layer graphene as overlayer on hematite photoanodes. J Catal, 372, 109(2019).

    [110] H W Lan, Y J Xia, K Feng et al. Co-doped carbon layer to lower the onset potential of hematite for solar water oxidation. Appl Catal B, 258, 117962(2019).

    [111] V Strauss, M Anderson, C X Wang et al. Carbon nanodots as feedstock for a uniform hematite-graphene nanocomposite. Small, 14, 1803656(2018).

    [112] Z R Xie, H L Tan, X M Wen et al. The importance of the interfacial contact: Is reduced graphene oxide always an enhancer in photo(electro)catalytic water oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 23125(2019).

    [113] H L Tan, H A Tahini, X M Wen et al. Interfacing BiVO4 with reduced graphene oxide for enhanced photoactivity: A tale of facet dependence of electron shuttling. Small, 12, 5295(2016).

    [114] M T Mayer, Y J Lin, G B Yuan et al. Forming heterojunctions at the nanoscale for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting by semiconductor materials: Case studies on hematite. Acc Chem Res, 46, 1558(2013).

    [115] S Rai, A Ikram, S Sahai et al. Morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of Fe2O3–GNP composite thin films. RSC Adv, 4, 17671(2014).

    [116] Y J Lin, S Zhou, S W Sheehan et al. Nanonet-based hematite heteronanostructures for efficient solar water splitting. J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2398(2011).

    [117] T Hisatomi, H Dotan, M Stefik et al. Enhancement in the performance of ultrathin hematite photoanode for water splitting by an oxide underlayer. Adv Mater, 24, 2699(2012).

    [118] Formal F Le, M Grätzel, K Sivula. Controlling photoactivity in ultrathin hematite films for solar water-splitting. Adv Funct Mater, 20, 1099(2010).

    [119] F L Souza, K P Lopes, E Longo et al. The influence of the film thickness of nanostructured α-Fe2O3 on water photooxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 11, 1215(2009).

    [120] D Wang, X T Zhang, P P Sun et al. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting on hematite thin film with layer-by-layer deposited ultrathin TiO2 underlayer. Int J Hydrog Energy, 39, 16212(2014).

    [121] D P Cao, W J Luo, J Y Feng et al. Cathodic shift of onset potential for water oxidation on a Ti4+doped Fe2O3 photoanode by suppressing the back reaction. Energy Environ Sci, 7, 752(2014).

    [122] H W Gao, C Liu, H E Jeong et al. Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic activity of iron oxide on gold nanopillars. ACS Nano, 6, 234(2012).

    [123] S Ramadurgam, T G Lin, C Yang. Aluminum plasmonics for enhanced visible light absorption and high efficiency water splitting in core-multishell nanowire photoelectrodes with ultrathin hematite shells. Nano Lett, 14, 4517(2014).

    Aizhen Liao, Huichao He, Yong Zhou, Zhigang Zou. Typical strategies to facilitate charge transfer for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction: Case studies on hematite[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(9): 091709
    Download Citation