Performance improvement approaches for optical fiber SPR sensors and their sensing applications

Jianying Jing; Kun Liu; Junfeng Jiang; Tianhua Xu; Shuang Wang; Jinying Ma; Zhao Zhang; Wenlin Zhang; Tiegen Liu

doi:10.1364/PRJ.439861

Journals >Photonics Research >Volume 10 >Issue 1 >Page 126 > Article

Photonics Research
Vol. 10, Issue 1, 126 (2022)

Performance improvement approaches for optical fiber SPR sensors and their sensing applications

Jianying Jing^1、2、3, Kun Liu^{1、2、3、*}, Junfeng Jiang^1、2、3, Tianhua Xu^1、2、3, Shuang Wang^1、2、3, Jinying Ma^1、2、3, Zhao Zhang^1、2、3, Wenlin Zhang^1、2、3, and Tiegen Liu^1、2、3

Author Affiliations

¹School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

²Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

³Tianjin Optical Fiber Sensing Engineering Center, Institute of Optical Fiber Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

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DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.439861 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Jianying Jing, Kun Liu, Junfeng Jiang, Tianhua Xu, Shuang Wang, Jinying Ma, Zhao Zhang, Wenlin Zhang, Tiegen Liu. Performance improvement approaches for optical fiber SPR sensors and their sensing applications[J]. Photonics Research, 2022, 10(1): 126 Copy Citation Text

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(a) The layer configuration and (b) resonance spectrum of SPR sensor. (c) Field/current distributions of the insulator-metal-insulator model corresponding to SPR sensing structure [31]. Note: I, II, and III are three modes with the lowest loss; red line, black line, and orange arrow represent electric field distribution, magnetic field distribution, and current conduction, respectively.

Fig. 1. (a) The layer configuration and (b) resonance spectrum of SPR sensor. (c) Field/current distributions of the insulator-metal-insulator model corresponding to SPR sensing structure [31]. Note: I, II, and III are three modes with the lowest loss; red line, black line, and orange arrow represent electric field distribution, magnetic field distribution, and current conduction, respectively.

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(a) Schematic of the sensing structure and (b) concentration response as well as (c) time response spectra for the nicotine detection using the tapered plastic fiber SPR sensor [55]. (d) Schematic of the sensing structure and (e) glucose concentration response as well as (f) temperature response spectra of the SPF-SPR sensor [56]. (g) Schematic of the sensing structure and (h) human IgG concentration response spectra of the U-shaped fiber SPR sensor [57].

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of the sensing structure and (b) concentration response as well as (c) time response spectra for the nicotine detection using the tapered plastic fiber SPR sensor [55]. (d) Schematic of the sensing structure and (e) glucose concentration response as well as (f) temperature response spectra of the SPF-SPR sensor [56]. (g) Schematic of the sensing structure and (h) human IgG concentration response spectra of the U-shaped fiber SPR sensor [57].

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Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of the PCF-SPR sensor for the simultaneous measurement of magnetic field, RI, and temperature [61]. (b) Loss spectrum of the PCF-SPR sensor for the measurement of magnetic field [61]. (c) Schematic of the experimental setup for the characterization process of the SPR fiber tip sensor [66]. (d) Transmission spectrum of the SPR fiber tip sensor for the measurement of the liquid level [66]. (e) Schematic of the LRSPR sensor and experimental setup for the simultaneous measurement of RI and temperature [67]. (f) Transmission spectrum of the LRSPR sensor for the measurement of temperature [67].

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Fig. 4. (a) Layer configuration of LRSPR sensor. (b) Schematic of the sensing structure and (c) resonance spectrum for the detection of different BSA concentrations in the SPF/MgF2/Ag-based LRSPR sensor [78]. (d) The layer configuration of CPWR sensor. (e) Schematic of the sensing structure and (f) transmission spectrum and the mode field distributions of the optical fiber CPWR sensor [80]. (g) The layer configuration of the WCSPR sensor. (h) Schematic of the sensing structure and (i) resonance spectrum for the RI detection in the optical fiber WCSPR sensor [81].

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Fig. 5. (a) Fabrication process in the SPP coupling-based fiber biosensor [75]. (b) Variation of resonance wavelength for human IgG detection [75]. (c) Schematic of the fiber SPR sensor fabricated by PDA accelerated ELP for immunoassay. Inset, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the Au seeds formed Au layer [92]. (d) Sensitivity fitting curve of the sensor for detecting different concentrations of human IgG [92]. (e) Fabrication process in the HGNPs modified fiber LRSPR biosensor [51]. (f) Resonance spectrum for human IgG detection [51].

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Fig. 6. (a) Schematic of the PdNPs embedded/PPy shell coated MWCNT-based fiber SPR probe and the laboratorial setup. Inset, schematic and SEM image of the PdNP embedded/PPy shell coated MWCNTs and SEM image of the fiber probe surface [38]. (b) Resonance spectrum obtained by detecting hydrazine with different concentrations [38]. (c) The fabrication process of the double-layer Au nanorods and GO sensitized PCF-SPR sensor [104]. (d) Resonance spectrum obtained by detecting human IgG with different concentrations [104]. (e) Schematic of the Ta2O5 nanofiber sensitized fiber SPR probe and the laboratorial setup. Inset, SEM image of the synthesized Ta2O5 nanofibers [106]. (f) Variation of resonance wavelength for xanthine detection [106].

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Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of the phosphorene-graphene/TMDC heterostructure-based fiber SPR biosensor [127]. (b) Resonance spectrum of the biosensor for DNA hybridization detection [127]. (c) Schematic of the Ti3C2Tx MXene improved fiber RI sensor and SEM image of the cross section of the sensor [128]. (d) Transmittance versus wavelength for the sensor without and with Ti3C2Tx MXene [128]. (e) Three-dimensional model of the PTOF coated with BaTiO3 layer and SEM image of the sensor [129]. (f) Sensitivity and FWHM of the sensor with different thicknesses of BaTiO3 layer [129].

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Fig. 8. (a) Preparation procedure of the three-dimensional composite-based fiber LSPR biosensor [150]. (b) Schematic of the three-dimensional composite on the fiber surface, transmission electron microscopy image of Au nanoparticles covered by multilayer graphene, and schematic of the DNA detection process [150]. (c) Real-time wavelength redshift for DNA detection [150]. (d) Schematic of the bioreceptor patterning onto the Au coated fiber surface using DNA nanotechnology: three-dimensional DNA lateral surface (LS) origami, distal ends (DE) origami, and tetrahedron. (Dark green, bioreceptors; dark gray spheres, thiol groups; light green and red, ssDNA [151].) (e) Calibration curves for thrombin bioassay on the fiber SPR biosensing platform [151].

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Fig. 9. (a) Transmission-type fiber SPR sensor [152] based on core mismatch I and reflective fiber SPR sensor [14] based on flat tip II, tapered tip III, and angle polished tip IV. (b) Schematic of the sensing structure of the protruding-shaped fiber plasmonic microtip probe and the testbed [153]. (c) SEM image of the microtip probe and schematic of the bio-probe [153]. (d) Langmuir adsorption curve and (e) sensitivity fitting line for human IgG detection with different concentrations [153].

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Fig. 10. (a) Optical micrograph of the plasmonic crystal cavity on the SMF end-face [159]. (b) Resonance spectrum of the SPR device for the detection of different solutions [159]. (c) Process in the fabrication of nanotriangular arrays on the reflective fiber SPR sensor end-face based on colloidal lithography technology and the SEM image of the nanotriangular arrays [160]. (d) Sensitivity fitting lines for the RI detection of the Au triangularly patterned and non-patterned sensors [160]. (e) Block diagram of the nanotrimer arrays on the bent fiber end-face and the SEM image of the nanotrimer arrays [161]. Resonance spectra of the (f) SLR-based and (g) LSPR-based sensors [158].

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Fig. 11. (a) Near-field optical microscope probe based on the high-efficiency coupling of Ag nanowires and tapered optical fiber (AgNW-OF) [166]. (b) Polarization-resolved k-space imaging of the light emitted from the nanofocused SPP mode at the AgNW-OF probe tip [166]. (c) The four-wave-mixing produced signal increased sharply when the Au nanoparticle-fiber probe approached another Au nanoparticle [167]. (d) The molecular fluorescence changed from enhancement to quenching when the Au nanoparticle-fiber probe approached a single molecule [168].

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Index	Equation	Parametric Meaning	Ref.
$S_{λ n}$	$S_{λ n} = \frac{\partial λ_{res}}{\partial n_{s}}$ (1)	$\partial n_{s}$ and $\partial λ_{res}$ represent the change of external average RI and the resonance wavelength shift caused by $\partial n_{s}$ , respectively.	[42]
DA	$DA = \frac{1}{FWHM}$ (2)	–	[42]
SNR	$SNR = \frac{δ λ_{res}}{FWHM}$ (3)	$δ λ_{res}$ represents the resonance wavelength shift caused by the change of external average RI.	[44]
FOM	$FOM = \frac{S_{λ n}}{FWHM}$ (4)	–	[45]
QF	$QF = \frac{δ λ_{res}}{FWHM} \times S_{λ n}$ (5)	–	[45]
	$LOD = \frac{Δ λ}{S_{λ n}}$ (6)	$Δ λ$ represents the wavelength resolution of the spectrometer.	[46–48]
LOD	$y_{LOD} = {\bar{y}}_{blank} + t_{α, k - 1} σ_{y},$ (7)	${\bar{y}}_{blank}$ represents the average signal obtained by repeated measurements of the blank sample. $t_{α, k - 1}$ represents the $α$ -quantile of Student’s $t$ -function with $k - 1$ degrees of freedom. $σ$ represents the standard deviation.
	$x_{LOD} = f^{- 1} ({\bar{y}}_{blank} + 3 σ_{\max})$ (8)
LOQ	$LOQ = \frac{δ λ}{S_{λ n}}$ (9)	$δ λ = i σ$ , $i$ , and $σ$ represent positive integer and the standard deviation in resonance wavelength near blank concentration, respectively.	[46]

Table 1. Parameter Indices to Evaluate the Performance of SPR Sensors

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ATR-Based SPR Mode	Layer Configuration	Polarization State of Excitation Light	Advantage	Disadvantage
SPR	Substrate/metal layer/analyte	TM	The layer configuration is simple, and the sensitivity is high.	The FWHM is wide, and the DA is low.
LRSPR	Substrate/dielectric layer with permittivity is pure real-number and lower than that of substrate/metal layer/analyte	TM	The FWHM is narrow, the DA is high, and the sensor is suitable for biomacromolecules detection.	The sensitivity depends heavily on symmetric configuration.
CPWR	Substrate/metal layer/thick waveguide layer with high-complex permittivity/analyte	TM or TE	The FWHM is narrow, and the DA is high.	The sensitivity is low.
NGWSPR	Substrate/metal layer/thin waveguide layer/analyte	TM	The sensitivity is high, and the resonance dip is deep.	The DA is low.
WCSPR	Substrate/metal layer/waveguide layer/metal layer/analyte	TM or TE	The sensitivity is slightly higher, and the sensor possesses self-reference function.	The layer configuration is complex.

Table 2. Comparison of Different ATR-Based SPR Modes

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Sensing Structure	Target Analyte	Simulated/Experimental Results			Ref.
Sensing Structure	Target Analyte	Sensitivity	LOD	Notes	Ref.
Fiber/Au layer/AuNPs/analyte	RI 1.3332–1.3710	3074.34 nm/RIU	–	–	[98]
Fiber/Au seeds formed Au layer/PDA/anti-IgG/IgG	RI 1.333–1.359/1.359–1.386	2054/3980 nm/RIU	–	The FOM of the sensor was $19 {RIU}^{- 1}$ .	[32]
Fiber/Au seeds formed Au layer/PDA/anti-IgG/IgG	Human IgG 2–100 μg/mL	0.41 nm/(μg/mL)	0.90 μg/mL	The FOM of the sensor was $19 {RIU}^{- 1}$ .	[32]
Fiber/PDA/Au seeds formed Au layer/PDA/anti-IgG/IgG	RI 1.328–1.386	1391–5346 nm/RIU	–	–	[92]
Fiber/PDA/Au seeds formed Au layer/PDA/anti-IgG/IgG	Human IgG 0.5–40 μg/mL	0.65 nm/(μg/mL)	0.22 μg/mL	–	[92]
Fiber/DML/Au layer/PDA-HGNPs/anti-IgG/IgG	Human IgG 1–40 μg/mL	1.84 nm/(μg/mL)	0.20 μg/mL	DML refers to dielectric matching layer. Combination of LRSPR and electric field coupling effects. The spike-and-recovery for serum samples detection was 107.62%.	[51]
Fiber/Au layer-PMBA/glucose/AuNPs-AET-PMBA	Glucose $10^{4} − 3 \times 10^{7} nM$	–	80 nM	PMBA and AET refer to p-mercaptophenylboronic acid and 2-aminoethanethiol, respectively.	[99]
PCF/Au layer/GO/anti-IgG/AuNPs-IgG	RI 1.3323–1.3359	13,592.36 nm/RIU	$1.47 \times 10^{- 6} RIU$	Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional AuNPs and two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO).	[75]
PCF/Au layer/GO/anti-IgG/AuNPs-IgG	Human IgG 1–35 μg/mL	1.36 nm/(μg/mL)	0.015 μg/mL		[75]
Fiber core/Au $layer / {MoSe}_{2}$ layer/ $PDA / {MoSe}_{2}$ -AuNPs/PDA/IgG/anti-IgG	Goat-anti-IgG 5–25 μg/mL	$7.31 \times 10^{- 3} nm / (μg / mL)$	0.054 μg/mL	Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional AuNPs and two-dimensional ${MoSe}_{2}$ .	[100]
Fiber core/Ag layer/ERY imprinted nanoparticles	ERY $10 − 10^{5} nM$	0.205 nm/nM	1.62 nM	ERY refers to erythromycin. The spike-and-recovery for real samples detection was 98.2%–102.0%.	[101]
Fiber/Ag core- ${SiO}_{2}$ shell-AuNPs/analyte	$γ$ -aminobutyric acid $10^{- 9} - 10^{6} nM$	2 nm/lg[M]	$1.65 \times 10^{- 6} nM$	The LOD for serum samples was $1.88 \times 10^{- 14} M$ .	[90]
Fiber/triangular AgNPs/GO/analyte	RI 1.3318–1.3495	1114.80 nm/RIU	–	The apices generated greater electric field amplification.	[102]
Fiber/Au nanostars arrays	SERS	–	–	The apices generated greater electric field amplification, and the proposed sensor was demonstrated with 45 times electric field intensity enhancement compared with Au nanorods design.	[103]

Table 3. Application Examples of Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials in SPR Sensing

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Sensing Structure	Target Analyte	Simulated/Experimental Results				Ref.
Sensing Structure	Target Analyte	Sensitivity	FOM	LOD	Notes	Ref.
Fiber core/ITO/Si/SWCNTs/analyte	RI 1.330–1.335	9780 nm/RIU	$9.76 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	ITO and SWCNTs refer to indium tin oxide and singlewalled CNTs, respectively.	[83]
Fiber core/Au layer/MWCNTs-PtNPs/analyte	RI 1.3385–1.3585	5923.14 nm/RIU	$29.32 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and one-dimensional MWCNTs.	[108]
Fiber/Au layer/MWCNTs-CuNPs/analyte	Nitrate $2.5 \times 10^{3} − 10^{6} nM$	3.25 nm/lg[M]	–	–	Simultaneous measurement of two parameters. Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional cuprum nanoparticles (CuNPs) and one-dimensional MWCNTs.	[110]
Fiber/Au layer/MWCNTs-CuNPs/analyte	Temperature	$- 2.02 nm / ° C$	–	–		[110]
Fiber core/Ag layer/MWCNTs-CuNPs/analyte	Nitrate $10^{3} − 5 \times 10^{6} nM$	0.08062 nm/nM	–	4 nM	Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional CuNPs and one-dimensional MWCNTs.	[107]
Fiber core/Ag layer/PdNPs-PPy-MWCNTs/analyte	Hydrazine $0 − 1.5 \times 10^{3} nM$	0.09 nm/nM	–	20 nM	Synergistic sensitization of zero-dimensional PdNPs and one-dimensional MWCNTs. The spike-and-recovery rate of real sample detection was 97.5%–102.8%.	[38]
Fiber core/Ag layer/MWCNTs/analyte	Sulfamethaxazole $0 − 2 \times 10^{5} nM$	$0.37 \times 10^{- 3} nm / nM$	–	891.80 nM	–	[111]
Fiber core/Ag layer/PPy-MWCNTs/analyte	Dopamine $0 − 10^{4} nM$	68.58 nm/lg[M]	–	0.0189 nM	–	[112]
Fiber core/Ag layer/graphene-MWCNTs-poly-(methyl methacrylate)/analyte	Methane gas 10–100 ppm (parts per million)	–	–	–	Synergistic sensitization of one-dimensional MWCNTs and two-dimensional graphene. The maximum shift in the resonance wavelength was 30 nm for methane gas detection.	[113]
Fiber core/Ag $layer / {Ta}_{2} O_{5}$ nanofibers/XO enzyme/analyte	Xanthine $0 - 3 × 10^{3} nM$	0.0262 nm/nM	–	12.70 nM	The sensor worked well for the detection of xanthine in green tea samples.	[106]
Fiber core/Ag layer/ZnO: graphene nanofibers/analyte	Nicotine $0 − 10^{4} nM$	$4.50 \times 10^{- 3} nm / nM$	–	74 nM	The sensor worked well for the detection of nicotine in cigarette samples.	[114]
PCF/Au layer/Au nanorods/GO/Au nanorods/analyte	RI 1.3323–1.3361	22,248.22 nm/RIU	–	$8.99 \times 10^{- 7} RIU$	Synergistic sensitization of one-dimensional Au nanorods and two-dimensional GO.	[115]
PCF/Au layer/Au nanorods/GO/Au nanorods/analyte	Human IgG 1–15 μg/mL	3.28 nm/(μg/mL)	–	6.10 ng/mL		[115]
PCF/Au layer/double-layer Au nanorods/GO/analyte	RI 1.3320–1.3366	25,642.65 nm/RIU	–	$7.80 \times 10^{- 7} RIU$	Synergistic sensitization of one-dimensional Au nanorods and two-dimensional GO.	[104]
PCF/Au layer/double-layer Au nanorods/GO/analyte	Human IgG 1–15 μg/mL	4.35 nm/(μg/mL)	–	4.60 ng/mL		[104]
U-bent fiber/Au layer/ITO nanorods/graphene/analyte	RI 1.3330–1.3634	690.70 nm/RIU	–	–	Synergistic sensitization of one-dimensional ITO nanorods and two-dimensional graphene.	[116]
U-bent fiber/Au layer/ITO nanorods/graphene/analyte	DNA 0.1–100 nM	–	–	0.10 nM		[116]
PCF/Ag nanowires/analyte	RI 1.33–1.38	9314.28 nm/RIU	$1494 {RIU}^{- 1}$	$1.073 \times 10^{- 5} RIU$	–	[117]
PCF/Au nanowires/analyte	RI 1.32–1.38	10,286 nm/RIU	$146.90 {RIU}^{- 1}$	$9.72 \times 10^{- 6} RIU$	–	[118]
Fiber/bimetallic nanowire gratings/analyte	RI 1.33–1.49	643.75 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[105]

Table 4. Application Examples of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials in SPR Sensing

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Category	Basic Chemical Formula	Ensample
Graphene and derivatives	–	GO, reduced GO (rGO)
Phosphorene	–	Black phosphorus (BP), BlueP
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs)	${MX}_{2}$	${HfS}_{2}$ , ${VSe}_{2}$ , ${MoTe}_{2}$
MXene	$M_{2} Y$ , $M_{3} Y_{2}$ , or $M_{4} Y_{3}$	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$
Perovskite	${ZMO}_{3}$	${BaTiO}_{3}$ , ${CaTiO}_{3}$
Notes	M, X, Y, Z, and $T_{x}$ represent transition metal element, chalcogen, carbon or nitrogen, alkaline-earth elements, and surface functionalities such as -O, -F, or -OH, respectively [119–121].

Table 5. Popular Two-Dimensional Materials for SPR Sensor Performance Improvement

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Sensing Structure		Target Analyte	Simulated/Experimental Results
Sensing Structure		Target Analyte	Sensitivity	FOM	LOD	Notes	Ref.
Fiber core/Ag layer/Pt layer/ITO/graphene/analyte		RI 1.33–1.36	4150 nm/RIU	$70 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[134]
Fiber core/Ag layer/GO/analyte		Glucose adulterant	21,140 nm/RIU	–	$2.33 \times 10^{- 5} RIU$	–	[135]
Fiber core/Ag layer/GO/analyte		Fructose adulterant	18,890 nm/RIU	–	$1.53 \times 10^{- 4} RIU$	–	[135]
Fiber core/Ag layer/Au $layer / {MoS}_{2}$ /analyte		RI 1.3318–1.3701	3061.84 nm/RIU	$23.29 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[136]
Fiber core/Au $layer / {MoS}_{2}$ /anti-BSA/BSA		BSA 10–50 μg/mL	0.9234 nm/(μg/mL)	–	0.29 μg/mL	–	[137]
$Fiber / {MoS}_{2}$ /Au layer/analyte		RI 1.3314–1.3623	6184.40 nm/RIU	–	$3.23 \times 10^{- 6} RIU$	–	[125]
$Fiber / {MoS}_{2}$ /Au layer/analyte		Human IgG 5–70 μg/mL	1.014 nm/(μg/mL)	–	$1.97 \times 10^{- 2} μg / mL$	–	[125]
Fiber core/Cr layer/Au $layer / {MoSe}_{2}$ /analyte		RI 1.333–1.358	2793.36 nm/RIU	$37.24 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[138]
Fiber core/Cr layer/Au $layer / {MoSe}_{2}$ /analyte		Goat-anti-rabbit IgG $10 − 10^{3} μg / mL$	–	–	0.33 μg/mL	–	[138]
Fiber core/Al layer/ $graphene / {MoS}_{2}$ /analyte		RI 1.330–1.332	6200 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[139]
SPF/Cr layer/Au $layer / {MoS}_{2}$ /graphene/PBA/analyte		Glucose $0 − 3 \times 10^{3} μg / mL$	6708.87 nm/RIU	–	–	PBA refers to pyrene-1-boronic acid.	[4]
	Graphene		4050 nm/RIU	$39.70 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	2-D materials refer to two-dimensional materials. The sensor was also utilized successfully to detect DNA hybridization.	[127]
Fiber core/Au layer/BP/2-D materials/analyte	${MoS}_{2}$	RI 1.33–1.39	3950 nm/RIU	$40.25 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–
	${MoSe}_{2}$		3975 nm/RIU	$41.40 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–
	${WS}_{2}$		3975 nm/RIU	$47.89 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–
	${WSe}_{2}$		4000 nm/RIU	$47.62 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–
Fiber core/NaF layer/Ag layer/BlueP/2-D materials/analyte	${MoS}_{2}$	$D_{2} O / H_{2} O$	–	$15, 650.75 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[140]
Fiber core/NaF layer/Ag layer/BlueP/2-D materials/analyte	${WS}_{2}$	$D_{2} O / H_{2} O$	–	$12, 409.30 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[140]
Fiber core/Ag layer/SnSe/analyte		RI 1.33–1.37	3475 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[141]
Fiber core/Ag layer/GNP- ${SnO}_{2}$ /analyte		Dopamine 0–100 μM	10.66 nm/μM	–	0.031 μM	GNP refers to graphene nanoplatelet.	[142]
Fiber core/Ag $layer / {Ta}_{2} O_{5}$ nanoflakes/analyte		Acetylcholine 0–10 μM	8.709 nm/μM	–	0.038 μM	–	[143]
Heterocore fiber/Au $layer / {Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$ MXene/analyte		RI 1.3343–1.3658	2180.20 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[128]
Fiber core/Au $layer / {Ti}_{3} C_{2}$ MXene/analyte		RI 1.333–1.335	3725 nm/RIU	$48.28 {RIU}^{- 1}$	–	–	[144]
PTOF/Au $layer / {BaTiO}_{3}$ /analyte		RI 1.333–1.343	6710 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[129]
SPF/Au $layer / {BaTiO}_{3}$ /analyte		RI 1.3332–1.3710	2543.33 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[145]
SPF/Au $layer / {BaTiO}_{3}$ /analyte		RI 1.3710–1.4140	6040.42 nm/RIU	–	–	–	[145]

Table 6. Application Examples of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in SPR Sensing

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Abbreviation	Full name
2-D	Two-dimensional
3-D	Three-dimensional
AET	2-aminoethanethiol
AgNW-OF	Ag nanowires and tapered optical fiber
ATR	Attenuated total reflection
AuNPs	Au nanoparticles
BP	Black phosphorus
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
CPWR	Coupled plasmon waveguide resonance
Cs/PSS	Chitosan/polysodium styrene sulfonate
CuNPs	Cuprum nanoparticles
DA	Detection accuracy
DE	Distal ends
DML	Dielectric matching layer
ELP	Electroless plating
ERY	Erythromycin
EW	Evanescent wave
FOM	Figure of merit
FWHM	Full width at half-maximum
GNP	Graphene nanoplatelet
GO	Graphene oxide
HCF	Hollow-core fiber
HGNPs	Hollow gold nanoparticles
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
ITO	Indium tin oxide
LOD	Limit of detection
LOQ	Limit of quantification
LPFG	Long period fiber grating
LRSPPs	Long range surface plasmon polaritons
LRSPR	Long range surface plasmon resonance
LS	Lateral surface
LSPR	Localized surface plasmon resonance
MMF	Multi-mode fiber
MWCNTs	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
NGWSPR	Nearly guided wave surface plasmon resonance
PBA	Pyrene-1-boronic acid
PCF	Photonic crystal fiber
PDA	Polydopamine
PDMS	Polydimethylsiloxane
PdNPs	Palladium nanoparticles
PMBA	P-mercaptophenylboronic acid
PtNPs	Platinum nanoparticles
PTOF	Polymer-tipped optical fiber
QF	Quality factor
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
RI	Refractive index
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SERS	Surface enhanced Raman scattering
SLR	Surface lattice resonance
SMF	Single-mode fiber
SNR	Signal to noise ratio
SPF	Side-polished fiber
SPPs	Surface plasmon polaritons
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
SWCNTs	Single-walled carbon nanotubes
TE	Transverse electric
TFBG	Tilted fiber Bragg grating
TM	Transverse magnetic
TMDCs	Transition metal dichalcogenides
WCSPR	Waveguide coupled surface plasmon resonance
XO	Xanthine oxidase