Based on the form of the microlens array, a new type of large-field laser communication receiving optical system is designed, and a 3×3 optical matrix model that completely describes the light transmission in the microlens array is proposed. The influences of the tilt angle and lateral shift of each optical element on the image plane height and exit angle are discussed. According to the design requirements of the microlens array optical system, reasonable tolerance ranges of the tilt angle and lateral shift are proposed. Based on the discussion of the aberration of the integral lens optical system, the combining of the optical design and the optical simulation can be used to realize the design of a large field of view laser communication optical system. The correctness of the 3D optical matrix model is also verified. Through the prototype development, uniform light test, and field of view test, a new type of laser communication receiving optical system with field of view of 0.9° and uniformity of 86.58% is finally realized. The results show that the experimental test data is consistent with the theoretical simulation data. The feasibility and superiority of the application of the microlens array optical system in a laser communication system are further proved by the discussion and analysis on the laser communication link, which provides a new idea and new direction for the design and development of laser communication receiving optical systems.