Laser shock peening uses the force effect of the laser to strengthen the surface. The traditional laser shock peening technology is a single-sided shock. When applied to thin-walled parts with complex profiles, it is difficult to achieve shape control and fatigue performance control coordination. The new double-sided laser shock peening technology is ideal for solving the surface strengthening challenges of thin-walled parts with complex profiles. On the basis of introducing the characteristics and deficiencies of single-sided laser shock peening technology, the principle and technical characteristics of two double-sided laser shock peening technologies are summarized. The application of simulation research in analyzing the physical mechanism of stress wave propagation and stress field distribution of double-sided laser shock peening is expounded. The mechanism and application of double-sided laser shock peening in the application of shape control and fatigue performance control are introduced, and the future development of double-sided laser shock peening is prospected.