Fig. 1. Four phases of algorithm
Fig. 2. Voxelization. (a) Schematic; (b) before voxelization; (c) after voxelization
Fig. 3. Attribute volume of voxel structure
Fig. 4. Ambient occlusion. (a) Schematic of ambient occlusion; (b) value of ambient occlusion; (c) without ambient occlusion; (d) with ambient occlusion
Fig. 5. Anisotropic filtering and sampling
Fig. 6. Distributions of reflection and cones. (a) Diffuse reflection; (b) diffuse cones; (c) specular reflection; (d) specular cone
Fig. 7. Voxel cone tracing
Fig. 8. Test scenes. (a) Conell Box scene; (b) Sibenik Cathedral scene; (c) Crytek Sponza scene
Fig. 9. Voxel structures of S2 scene at different voxel resolutions. (a) 643 voxel; (b) 1283 voxel; (c) 2563 voxel; (d) 5123 voxel
Fig. 10. Direct illumination and global illumination. (a) Direct illumination; (b) global illumination
Fig. 11. Emissive materials. (a) Emissive plane; (b) emissive sphere
Fig. 12. Comparison of results from normal attenuation methods. (a) Original scene; (b) averaged normal attenuation; (c) normal-weighted attenuation
Fig. 13. Comparison of soft shadow effects. (a)-(c) Shadow mapping algorithm[21], with blur scales of 2, 5, 8, respectively; (d)-(f) cone tracing shadow, with cone aperture values of 5°, 10°, 15°, respectively
Fig. 14. Comparison of image quality and performance. (a)-(c) Results of light-driven voxel algorithm[20]; (d)-(f) results of proposed algorithm
Name | Scene | Vertices | Triangles | Frame rate /(frame·s-1) | Time /ms | Memory /MB |
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S1 | Conell Box | 87108 | 174338 | 53.9 | 18.6 | 446 | S2 | Sibenik Cathedral | 40479 | 75283 | 35.4 | 28.3 | 464 | S3 | Crytek Sponza | 153635 | 278163 | 38.2 | 26.2 | 930 |
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Table 1. Statistical data of test scenes
Voxel resolution /voxel | 643 | 1283 | 2563 | 5123 |
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Memory/MB | 145 | 274 | 598 | 1546 | Frame rate /(frame·s-1) | 60 | 60 | 49.1 | 32.9 | Time /ms | 16.7 | 16.7 | 20.4 | 30.4 |
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Table 2. Memory, frame rate, and time of S2 scene at different voxel resolutions
Phase | Time /ms | Phase | Time /ms |
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Voxelization | 2.4 | Voxel cone tracing | 21.1 | Direct illumination | 4.8 | Other | 3.9 | Anisotropicfiltering | 1.4 | Total | 33.6 |
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Table 3. Time costs in each phase