In this study, we propose a global illumination algorithm based on the voxel structure. In the proposed algorithm, the voxel structure is used to store the illumination information of a simplified scene, and the indirect illumination effects can be obtained by collecting the illumination information using the voxel cone tracing method. Only the voxel structure of the dynamic scene is updated in each frame, which supports dynamic light sources and avoids unnecessary calculations for updating the static scene. The voxel structure is a directional hierarchical structure generated by anisotropic filtering, which can be compressed and stored in a mipmapped three-dimensional texture, reducing the storage costs. It is possible to calculate the global illumination effects, such as ambient occlusion and soft shadow, by collecting the outgoing radiance and occlusion values stored in the voxel structure using the voxel cone tracing method. The experimental results demonstrate that this approach can obtain various global illumination effects and exhibit a decent rendering efficiency. Furthermore, the single-frame time is less than 33.3 ms in case of complex scenes.