Research Progress of Acousto-Optic Crystals, Glass Materials and Modulators

Zenghua Xu; Shixun Dai; Changgui Lin; Zhongchao Wu

doi:10.3788/LOP202158.1516007

Journals >Laser & Optoelectronics Progress >Volume 58 >Issue 15 >Page 1516007 > Article

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
Vol. 58, Issue 15, 1516007 (2021)

Research Progress of Acousto-Optic Crystals, Glass Materials and Modulators

Zenghua Xu^1、3、4, Shixun Dai^{1、3、4、*}, Changgui Lin^1、3、4, and Zhongchao Wu²

Author Affiliations

¹Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211, China

²The 26th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chongqing 400060, China

³Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211, China

⁴Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211, China

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DOI: 10.3788/LOP202158.1516007 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Zenghua Xu, Shixun Dai, Changgui Lin, Zhongchao Wu. Research Progress of Acousto-Optic Crystals, Glass Materials and Modulators[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(15): 1516007 Copy Citation Text

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$Schematic of acousto-optic effect. (a) Raman-Nath diffraction; (b) Bragg diffraction$

Fig. 1. Schematic of acousto-optic effect. (a) Raman-Nath diffraction; (b) Bragg diffraction

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Fig. 2. Several common acousto-optic crystal materials

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Fig. 3. Acousto-optic modulators produced by four manufacturers

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Fig. 4. Three new acousto-optic crystal materials. (a) TlInS₂; (b) TlInSe₂; (c) InI

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Fig. 5. β-BTM acousto-optic modulator is used for Nd: YVO₄ Q-switched laser output^[55-56]. (a) Experimental device of acousto-optic Q-switched Nd∶YAG/Nd∶YVO₄ laser; (b) narrow pulse output obtained by acousto-optic modulator

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Fig. 6. Several common acousto-optic glasses

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Fig. 7. Raman spectra of two glass systems^[78-79]. (a) (100-x)GeS_2-_xSb₂S₃; (b) Ge₁₂Sb_yS_88-_y

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$Variation of the diffraction efficiency with the RF power$

Fig. 8. Variation of the diffraction efficiency with the RF power

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Types of acousto-optic crystal materials	n	M₂ /（10^-15 s³ /kg）	α /（dB·cm^-1·GHz^-2）
Quartz crystal	1.55	2.38	3
TeO₂	2.26	793	15
PbMoO₄	2.39	56.47	15
GaAs	3.37	104	9.9
Ge	4.00	540	9
GaP	3.31	44.6	6

Table 1. Acousto-optic characteristic parameters of commonly used crystal materials^[27]

Manufacturer	Crystal	Wavelength /nm	Modulation bandwidth /MHz	Centre frequency/MHz	Rise time/ns	η/%
G&H^［32］	TeO₂	400	6	80	65	90
	Quartz	257		200	10	75
	Ge	9400		40/60	120	>90
AA^［33］	TeO₂	450-700	80	250	6	85
	Quartz	488-633	8	110	50	85
	Ge	9300	4	40	120	75
Isomet^［34］	TeO₂	442-633		350	7	>80
	Quartz	532	20	80	114	>85
	PbMoO₄	488-633	30	80	36	>85
	Ge	10600	10	40	470	>60
Brimrose^［35］		380-1600	100		5.5	50
		600-1600	400		1.4	>25
		1000-2500	8		68	>80
CETC^［36］		532	>30	150	160	>80
		633		40	150	>75
		10600		40		>80

Table 2. Product model and related parameters of acousto-optic modulator based on crystal materials

Material	Refractive index	Transparent window /µm	Acoustic velocity /（10⁵ cm·s^-1）	M₂ / $(10^{- 18} s^{3} \cdot g^{- 1})$	Wavelength /nm	Acoustic attenuation /（dB·cm^-1·GHz^-2）	Reference
Sn₂P₂S₆	3.09	0.53‒8.0	1.56	1700	632.8		［38］
AgGaGeS₄	2.41	0.50‒11.5	1.57	500	600		［44］
TlBr-TlI	2.42	0.53‒50		210	2000	10	［47］
InI	2.55	0.62‒51	2.23	1100	1150		［49］
KY（WO₄）₂	2.08	0.40‒5	4.56	13.5	633		［51］
KLu（WO₄）₂	2.11	0.36‒5.1	2.73	10.7	633		［53］
KGd（WO₄）₂	2.04	0.35‒3.5	4.30	16.6	1060		［54］
α-BaTeMo₂O₉	2.19	0.40‒5.5	4.37	10.18	1064	1.14	［56］
GaP	3.31	0.60‒10	6.52	98	632.8	6	［57］
CaWO₄	1.92	0.27‒10	1.88	14.0	633		［58］
Tl₃AsS₄	2.77	0.60‒12	0.63	1990	632.8	29
Tl₃AsS₄	2.77	0.60‒12	2.07	945	632.8	29	［59］

Table 3. Performance parameters of new acousto-optic crystals

Types of acousto-optic glass materials	n	M₂ /（10^-15 s³·kg^-1）	α /（dB·cm^-1·GHz^-2）
Fused silica	1.46	1.5	12
SF-4	1.61	4.51
Ge₃₃As₁₂Se₅₅	2.70	248	28.4
Ge₃₀As₂₀Se₅₀	2.64	330	9.9
As₂S₃	2.61	433	170
As₂Se₃	2.89	779	250

Table 4. Main parameters of several common acousto-optic glass materials^[14]

Manufacturer	Material	Wavelength /nm	Modulation bandwidth /MHz	Centre frequency /MHz	Rise time /ns	η /%
G&H^［32］	Fused silica	400	6	80	65	90
	Ge₃₀As₂₀Se₅₀	1550		40	260	80
	Ge₃₀As₂₀Se₅₀	1900‒2100		40	260	75
AA^［33］	Fused silica	244	8	200	33	85
	Fused silica	244	10	40	50	85
	Ge₃₃As₁₂Se₅₅	1300‒1600	10	80	50	85
	Ge₃₃As₁₂Se₅₅	1300‒1600	20	110	25	85
Isomet^［34］	Fused silica	515‒640	30	80	31	>85
Isomet^［34］	SF57	780	20	50		>80

Table 5. Relevant parameters of acousto-optic modulator products of three commercial companies

Material	Refractive index	Transparent window /µm	Acoustic velocity / （10⁵ cm·s^-1）	M₂ / $(10^{- 18} s^{3} \cdot g^{- 1})$	Wavelength /nm	Acoustic attenuation /（dB·cm^-1·GHz^-2）	Reference
Ge₃₀Se₃₀Te₄₀	2.80	1.3‒16.0	2.20	278	3390	9400	［74］
Ge₁₀As₂₀Te₇₀	3.59	2.0‒17.5	2.15	2279	10600	9400	［75］
Ge₁₀As₂₀Te₅₀Se₂₀	3.21	2.0‒15.0	2.17	1263	10600	7433	［75］
65GeS₂-25Ga₂S₃-10CsCl	2.08	0.5‒11.0	2.89	55.6	632.8		［76］
（GeTe_4.3）₇₀（AgI）₃₀	3.72	2.0‒20.0	2.03	3761	10600	7822	［77］
Ge₃₀As₁₅S₅₅	2.48	0.5‒11.0	2.84	138.9	633	2688	［78］
Ge₁₂Sb₃₂S₅₆	2.66	0.6‒8.0	2.67	252	1550	3120	［79］
Si₂₀Te₈₀	3.20	1.5‒20.0	2.05	3500 3200	10600 3390	800	［80］
Ge₃₀S₇₀	2.14	0.4‒11.0	2.53	114	633	215	［81］

Table 6. Performance parameters of new acousto-optic glasses

Zenghua Xu, Shixun Dai, Changgui Lin, Zhongchao Wu. Research Progress of Acousto-Optic Crystals, Glass Materials and Modulators[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(15): 1516007

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