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    Journals >Acta Optica Sinica >Volume 42 >Issue 1 >Page 0100001 > Article
    • Acta Optica Sinica
    • Vol. 42, Issue 1, 0100001 (2022)
    Road Map of Fiber Optic Sensor Technology in China
    Libo Yuan1、*, Weijun Tong2, Shan Jiang3, Yuanhong Yang4, Zhou Meng5, Yongkang Dong6, Yunjiang Rao7, Zuyuan He8, Wei Jin9, Tongyu Liu10, Qilin Zou11, and Weihong Bi12
    Author Affiliations
  • 1Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company (YOFC), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
  • 3Wuhan Ligong Guangke Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
  • 4School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 5School of Meteorology & Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China;
  • 6National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
  • 7Fiber Optics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
  • 8State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 9Department of Electrical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
  • 10The Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology of Shandong Province, Laser Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu Technology University (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250103, China
  • 11Beijing Perception Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
  • 12School of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 0 66004, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/AOS202242.0100001 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Libo Yuan, Weijun Tong, Shan Jiang, Yuanhong Yang, Zhou Meng, Yongkang Dong, Yunjiang Rao, Zuyuan He, Wei Jin, Tongyu Liu, Qilin Zou, Weihong Bi. Road Map of Fiber Optic Sensor Technology in China[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2022, 42(1): 0100001 Copy Citation Text show less
    Schematic diagram of working principle of fiber grating sensing
    Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of working principle of fiber grating sensing
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    Diagram of principle of Sagnac effect[24]
    Fig. 2. Diagram of principle of Sagnac effect[24]
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    Schematic diagram of closed-loop fiber-optic gyroscope
    Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of closed-loop fiber-optic gyroscope
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    Schematic diagram of resonant fiber optic gyroscope
    Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of resonant fiber optic gyroscope
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    Structure and principle diagram of fiber optic hydrophone
    Fig. 5. Structure and principle diagram of fiber optic hydrophone
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    Photo of probe and array of fiber optic hydrophones. (a) Fiber-optic acoustic pressure hydrophone; (b) fiber-optic vector hydrophone[40]; (c) fiber-optic hydrophone array
    Fig. 6. Photo of probe and array of fiber optic hydrophones. (a) Fiber-optic acoustic pressure hydrophone; (b) fiber-optic vector hydrophone[40]; (c) fiber-optic hydrophone array
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    Schematic diagram of distributed Brillouin fiber optic sensing for infrastructure monitoring
    Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of distributed Brillouin fiber optic sensing for infrastructure monitoring
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    Schematic diagrams of backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (BSBS), Brillouin dynamic grating, and forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS). (a) Backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (BSBS) and Brillouin dynamic grating; (b) forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS)
    Fig. 8. Schematic diagrams of backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (BSBS), Brillouin dynamic grating, and forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS). (a) Backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (BSBS) and Brillouin dynamic grating; (b) forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS)
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    Structural diagram of common DAS system
    Fig. 9. Structural diagram of common DAS system
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    Schematic diagram and physical diagram of uDAS seismometer architecture. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) physical diagram
    Fig. 10. Schematic diagram and physical diagram of uDAS seismometer architecture. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) physical diagram
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    System structure and working principle diagram of OFDR
    Fig. 11. System structure and working principle diagram of OFDR
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    Diagrams of basic principle of optical fiber gas measurement[110-111]. (a) Interaction between light and gas within optical fibres; (b) physical process of interaction between light and gas; (c) several micro-nano structure optical fibers used for gas measurement
    Fig. 12. Diagrams of basic principle of optical fiber gas measurement[110-111]. (a) Interaction between light and gas within optical fibres; (b) physical process of interaction between light and gas; (c) several micro-nano structure optical fibers used for gas measurement
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    Schematic diagram of multi-core fiber 3D shape sensing principle
    Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of multi-core fiber 3D shape sensing principle
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    Key components of 3D shape sensing system based on four-core fiber (localization)
    Fig. 14. Key components of 3D shape sensing system based on four-core fiber (localization)
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    Laser methane sensor module and laser methane portable instrument[143]
    Fig. 15. Laser methane sensor module and laser methane portable instrument[143]
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    Schematic diagram of laser methane sensor
    Fig. 16. Schematic diagram of laser methane sensor
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    DTS measurement of downhole temperature in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) horizontal wells
    Fig. 17. DTS measurement of downhole temperature in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) horizontal wells
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    Formation pressure measured by fiber-optic pressure measurement
    Fig. 18. Formation pressure measured by fiber-optic pressure measurement
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    DAS applied to off-casing monitoring in oil and gas wells
    Fig. 19. DAS applied to off-casing monitoring in oil and gas wells
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    DAS monitoring effect during fracturing of oil and gas well
    Fig. 20. DAS monitoring effect during fracturing of oil and gas well
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    Schematic diagram of marine multi-parameter sensor in marine single fiber composite structure
    Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of marine multi-parameter sensor in marine single fiber composite structure
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    Schematic diagram of sensing of flow velocity and flow direction. (a) Sensor structure; (b) bending section; (c) simulation result
    Fig. 22. Schematic diagram of sensing of flow velocity and flow direction. (a) Sensor structure; (b) bending section; (c) simulation result
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    Photo of experimental equipment for measurement of marine velocity and flow direction
    Fig. 23. Photo of experimental equipment for measurement of marine velocity and flow direction
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    YearResearch contentRef. No
    1981Research on phase locked detection technology of double frequency based on tunable semiconductor laser[144]
    1986Experimentation of optical fiber temperature sensor in coal mine in China[145]
    2008Research on methane telemetry technology based on semiconductor laser[155]
    1998Research on application technology of fiber optic current sensor in coal mine[156]
    1992Development of fiber optic multi-point methane sensor and trial of landfill monitoring[146]
    2000Development of semiconductor laser methane telemeter[157]
    2003Research on monitoring technology of fiber optic strain sensor in coal mine shaft wall deformation[158]
    2004Multi-component gas detection based on long wave VCSEL[159]
    1998Research on fiber optic gas sensor and its gas outburst monitoring in coal mine.[147]
    2009Mine laser/fiber-optic methane sensors got safety marks[148]
    2010Application of optical fiber methane monitoring system based on spectral absorption in gas extraction[160]
    2010Development of fiber optic methane temperature dual parameter sensor[161]
    2011Development of fiber optic methane sensor with self-diagnostic function[162]
    2011Multi-absorption peak intelligent tracking technology was invented to realize low power laser methane detection[149]
    2013Demonstration and application of optical fiber multi-parameter sensor integrated monitoring and early warning system for coal mine safety[150]
    2015, 2016Low power laser multispectral adaptive methane sensor without temperature control passed long-term reliability test[151-152]
    2016Laser methane sensor was used in industrial experiments for pressure compensation in several coal mines[153]
    2016No. 5 of National Coal Mine Safety Administration [2016] recommended the use of laser methane sensors with low power consumption and self-diagnosis function in coal mines with high gas and gas outburst[154]
    2016Breakthrough was made in the field calibration technology of optical fiber distributed temperature measurement[163]
    2018,2019Wireless laser methane sensor for coal mine based on VCSEL fiber multi-point methane sensor network was realized[164-165]
    2019Establishment of standardized test method for reliability of laser methane sensor in mine[166]
    Table 1. 0 Overview of development of coal mine sensor
    YearExtension techniqueOil-field
    2002Fiber distributed temperature sensing technologyCaoqiao oil-field[168]
    2003,2012Fiber distributed temperature sensing technologyLiaohe oil-field[169] andShengli oil-field[170]
    2010Fiber distributed temperature sensing technologyLiaohe oil-field[171]
    2012Fiber distributed temperature sensing technologyDaqing oil-field[172]
    2016Fiber Fabry-Perot cavity measuring pressure technologyXinjiang oil-field[173]
    2019Fiber distributed acoustic sensing technologyPuguang gas-field[174]
    2019Fiber distributed acoustic sensing technologyXinjiang oil-field[175]
    2021Fiber distributed acoustic sensing technologyZhejiang oil-field[176]
    Table 1. 1 Application of optical fiber sensing technology in domestic oil fields
    ApplicationProblemRequirement for optical fiber device
    Hydrophone arrayHydrophone array requires large sensing ring size and long term reliability of optical fiber in underwater environmentReducing fiber size, maintaining high fiber bending mechanical properties, and improving fiber reliability in wet environment
    Fiber-optic gyroscopeFiber optic gyroscope requires high precision and small size of fiber ringReducing fiber size, keeping high extinction ratio, and improving winding technology of fine diameter fiber ring
    Fiber optic currenttransformerFiber optic current transformers need long-term reliabilityReducing size, reducing rotation period, and improving matching degree of fiber with fiber filter and mirror
    Radiation resistant fiberRadiation resistant optical fiber is needed in nuclear radiation environment to prevent the interruption of optical fiber sensing signalReducing radial attenuation of optical fiber
    Table 1. Demand status of special sensing fiber
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    1978Hill et al. discovered the photosensitivity of fiber and made the first narrow-band fiber grating filter[7]
    1989Meltz et al. developed the lateral holographic interferometry method to write the fiber grating in the fiber, which opened the prelude to its practical application[8]
    1992Askins et al. fabricated a type II fiber grating with excellent thermal stability using a single-pulse high-energy ultraviolet laser[9]
    1993Several research groups independently developed the phase mask method for fabricating fiber gratings which are more suitable for industrial production[10-11]
    1993Lemaire et al. found that hydrogen doping at high pressure can greatly improve the photosensitive properties of the fiber[12]
    1993—1994Several research groups have independently developed a method of on-line writing fiber gratings by drawing column single pulse ultraviolet laser[13-14]
    1997Erdogan used coupled mode equation to describe the corresponding relationship between the structure and spectral response characteristics of FBG in detail[15]
    2003Zhang et al. have published an optical time domain demodulation multiplexing method for ultra-low fiber grating array sensing systems[16]
    2004Two research groups have independently developed a femtosecond laser point-by-point method for writing fiber gratings[17-18]
    2007The first national standard, i.e., GB/T 21197 linear optical fiber temperature sensing fire detector of optical fiber sensing, is promulgated in China[19]
    2011Cusano et al. published a monograph on "fiber bragg grating sensors", comprehensively summarizing the research progress, industrial application, and market expansion of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology[20]
    2018Yang et al. published a monograph on "fiber optic sensor networks: devices and technologies", in which the latest research achievements of the major projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China were systematically summarized[21]
    Table 2. Brief table of development of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology
    YearResearch contentsRef. No
    2013Feasibility of using high-precision fiber-optic gyroscope to achieve "1 nautical mile/month" navigation accuracy is discussed[29-30]
    2014Intensity noise suppression technology based on vertical cancellation of light waves is proposed and verified[31]
    2015Research reveals the mechanism of cross-modulation errors in resonant fiber-optic gyroscope[32]
    2016Honeywell reported on the technology and development route for "benchmark" class fiber-optic gyroscope and resonant fiber-optic gyroscope[33]
    2017iXblue demonstrated the solution and roadmap of a high-precision rotating seismograph based on a large fiber optic ring[34]
    2018Application potential of fiber-optic gyroscopes in the field of planetary seismology is explained[35]
    2019Development and application of optical fiber rotating seismograph are reported;[36]
    zero drift evaluation technology of fiber-optic gyroscope based on the polarization coupling value in the fiber loop measured by OCDP technology is reported[37]
    2020A new model of drift caused by backscattering of fiber-optic gyroscope is established[38]
    2021Use of anti-resonant hollow-core fiber for resonant fiber-optic gyroscope significantly improves the performance[39]
    Table 3. Partial theories and technologies of FOG
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    2000The first field test of fiber-optic hydrophone in China was conducted[41-42]
    2002The field test of 32-element fiber-optic hydrophone in China was conducted[43]
    2003The first field test of fiber-optic vector hydrophone in China was conducted[44-45]
    2006The field tests of 64-element fiber-optic hydrophone array in China was conducted[46]
    2008The field tests of 96-element fiber-optic hydrophone towed array in China were conducted[46]
    2011The first towed array of fiber optic vector hydrophone was applied to shallow water and field test[47]
    2014400 km transmission fiber optic hydrophone system was realized[48]
    2015The first deep sea test of vertical array fiber optic vector hydrophone in China was conducted[49]
    20181024-element fiber optic hydrophone array was used for marine seismic monitoring[50]
    2020Fiber-optic vector hydrophone was applied to 6000 m underwater[49]
    2021Field tests of 64-element fiber laser hydrophone flank array in China were conducted[51]
    2021Single fiber distributed fiber-optic hydrophone and lake test were realized[40, 52]
    Table 4. Brief table of development of fiber optic hydrophone technology
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    2012,2017High spatial resolution technique: time-domain differential pulse pair technique[53-55]
    2002,2012,2019High spatial resolution technique: correlative domain frequency modulation and phase modulation techniques[56-58]
    2012,2018,2020Ultra-fast measurement technique: quick frequency conversion and optical chirped chain technology[59-61]
    2010,2012,2016Ultra-long working distance technique: pulse coding, frequency division multiplexing, and image processing techniques[62-64]
    2015,2016,2018Brillouin dynamic grating: multi-parameter measurement[65-69]
    2018,2020Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering: a distributed sensing scheme for environmental matter identification[68-70]
    Table 5. Brief table of development of Brillouin sensing technology
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    2008The first practical intensity demodulation Φ-OTDR based on high power narrow linewidth laser was realized[72]
    200962 km intensity demodulation Φ-OTDR based on double-ended first-order Raman amplification technology was realized[73]
    2011Phase demodulation type Φ-OTDR based on digital coherent demodulation was realized[74]
    2013Phase demodulation type Φ-OTDR based on MZI and 3×3 demodulation technology were realized[75]
    2014Combining double-ended first-order Raman amplification and heterodyne technology to achieve 131 km intensity demodulation type Φ-OTDR was realized[76]
    2014Substantial progress had been made in DAS technology used in well oil and gas exploration[77]
    2014175 km intensity demodulation type Φ-OTDR based on hybrid zone amplification was realized[78]
    2014Φ-OTDR was used for train operation monitoring for the first time[79]
    2015,2016Phase demodulation type Φ-OTDR based on I/Q demodulation and heterodyne detection method was realized[80-81]
    2018,2019DAS was used for natural seismic signal acquisition in which coding technology was used to improve DAS signal-to-noise ratio[82-83]
    2019DAS was used for submarine seismic monitoring, in which AI algorithm was applied to improve the accuracy of DAS detection and recognition[84-85]
    2020uDAS had been applied to large-scale oil and gas exploration in wells, and the results had been selected as one of the top ten progress of China Petroleum Technology[86]
    2020By combining positive and negative frequency multiplexing and first-order Raman amplification technology, 103 km high scanning rate DAS was realized[87]
    2020uDAS for large-capacity fully distributed underwater acoustic signal detection was realized[88]
    2021New concepts of sound-sensitive optical fiber and sound-sensitive optical cable were proposed[89-90]
    Table 6. Overview of Φ-OTDR technology development[71]
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    1981OFDR technology based on incoherent detection was proposed[91]
    1985OFDR technology based on coherence detection was proposed[92]
    1993Effect of phase noise in OFDR was analyzed[93]
    1994OFDR technology based on semiconductor laser was studied[94]
    1997OFDR technology was applied to optical tomography (OCT)[95]
    2005Fourier domain sweep laser technology was proposed[96]
    2012An auxiliary interferometer was proposed to compensate high-order phase noise[97]
    2012Long distance distributed vibration detection based on OFDR was realized[98-99]
    2013Simultaneous detection of temperature and strain was realized based on polarization-maintaining fiber[100]
    2015Time-gated digital assisted optical frequency domain reflectometer (TGD-OFDR) was proposed[101]
    2015Distributed acoustic sensing based on TGD-OFDR was realized[102]
    2017External modulation of OFDR realized sweep range of 100 GHz[103]
    2017,2020Phase sensitive distributed acoustic sensing based on OFDR was realized[104-105]
    Table 7. Brief table of OFDR technology development
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    2001,2003Experiments on gas absorption measurement of solid core microstructure fiber were performed[108-109]
    2003Filling experiment and simulation calculation of microstructure fiber were carried out, and a scheme of lateral grooving (hole) to accelerate gas charging and discharging was proposed[109]
    2004,2005Gas measurement experiments of hollow core microstructure fiber were performed[110-111]
    2007Experiment on femtosecond laser lateral drilling of hollow core microstructure fiber was performed[112]
    2010Experiment on improving response speed of hollow fiber gas sensor by side opening was performed[113]
    2015Hollow-core fiber photo-thermal interference gas experiment was realized for measurement of acetylene gas at the scale of one billion molecules per billion[114]
    2016Studying and quantification of photo-thermal phase modulation mechanism in hollow fiber were performed[115]
    2017Distributed gas detection experiment with hollow fiber photo-thermal interferometry was performed[116]
    2017Hundreds of lateral micropores were prepared in hollow fiber, and average loss of each hole was less than 0.01 dB[117]
    2017Experimental demonstration and simulation calculation of photothermal phase modulation enhancement effect in solid-core micro-nano fiber were performed[118]
    2017Experimental measurement of hydrogen induced Raman gain in hollow fiber was performed[119]
    2019Distributed hydrogen measurement experiment of hollow fiber stimulated Raman gain was performed[120]
    2019Stimulated Raman gain gas measurement experiment of solid-core micro/nano fiber was realized for the measurement of hydrogen at the scale of one million molecules[121]
    2019Experimental measurement of hydrogen in hollow fiber stimulated Raman dispersion was performed[122]
    202010-9 grade (acetylene) gas measurement and good long-term stability were achieved by using ~5 cm hollow fiber[106]
    2020Phase difference photothermal interference gas measurement experiment was realized for measurement of acetylene on the scale of one trillion molecules[123]
    2021A variety of gas measurement experiments were carried out, and sensitivity of 10-9 magnitude was achieved[107,124]
    2021Photoacoustic Brillouin gas measurement with hollow core microstructure fiber was realized[125]
    Table 8. Overview of development in micro-nano structure fiber optic gas sensing technology
    YearResearch contentRef. No
    2000Bending sensor was realized by multi-core fiber FBG[126]
    2003Three-dimensional curvature measurement was started with the relationship between the FBGs in the multi-core fiber[127-128]
    2004By integrating the curvature along the optical fiber, 2D and 3D shape reconstructions were initiated[129-130]
    2007By means of Rayleigh scattering of multi-core fiber, OFDR distributed 3D shape sensing was explored[131]
    2012By means of Frenet-Serret equation, a new algorithm for 3D continuous parameter reconstruction was developed[132]
    2014Helical seven-core fiber 3D shape sensing technology was developed[133]
    2016Distributed 3D shape sensing scheme based on Brillouin scattering was proposed[134]
    20173D continuous grating sensing scheme based on multi-core fiber was proposed[135]
    2018Wing 3D shape sensing was realized[136]
    2019Performance evaluation of three-dimensional shape fiber optic sensing was used for shape monitoring in nuclear radiation occasions and fiber optic shape sensing for flexible robots[137-138]
    2019Fiber optic 3D shape sensor was embedded in flexible medical instrument[139-141]
    Table 9. Overview of development of multi-core fiber 3D shape sensing technology
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    Libo Yuan, Weijun Tong, Shan Jiang, Yuanhong Yang, Zhou Meng, Yongkang Dong, Yunjiang Rao, Zuyuan He, Wei Jin, Tongyu Liu, Qilin Zou, Weihong Bi. Road Map of Fiber Optic Sensor Technology in China[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2022, 42(1): 0100001
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