This article focuses on the research of fast-positioning method of one-plane two-hole feature, while aiming at the precise measurement and positioning of workpieces at a production site, and it builds a set of on-machine measurement system based on the computer numerical control (CNC) platform and line laser. Using the isotropy of the spherical surface, global calibration of the line laser on-machine measurement system is achieved through a standard sphere. The plane and holes are used as the positioning features. Based on the measurement data obtained by the line laser sensor, a fitting algorithm is designed and the size and position information of the relevant features are calculated. Finally, a test piece is used for the fast positioning test. The test results exhibit that the on-machine measurement system can meet the requirements of workpiece positioning and alignment in production and processing, and the system also possesses high accuracy and stability.