Transparent conductive stannic oxide coatings employing an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique: The relevance of the molarity content in the aerosol solution for improvement the electrical properties

L. Castañeda

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/022802

Journals >Journal of Semiconductors >Volume 43 >Issue 2 >Page 022802 > Article

Journal of Semiconductors
Vol. 43, Issue 2, 022802 (2022)

Transparent conductive stannic oxide coatings employing an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique: The relevance of the molarity content in the aerosol solution for improvement the electrical properties

L. Castañeda

Author Affiliations

Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, A. P. 11340, México

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DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/022802 Cite this Article

L. Castañeda. Transparent conductive stannic oxide coatings employing an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique: The relevance of the molarity content in the aerosol solution for improvement the electrical properties[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(2): 022802 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Crystal structure and coordination polyhedron of the stannic oxide (cassiterite).

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Fig. 2. (Color online) Illustration of the experimental method employed for the deposition process of the stannic oxide coatings by the USP.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) XRD patterns and (b) Williamson–Hall plot of the as grown samples.

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Fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope images of the stannic oxide coatings for different molarities (a) 0.05 M, (b) 0.15 M, (c) 0.20 M and (d) 0.30 M.

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$(Color online) (a) Variation of thickness and roughness of coatings with doping and (b) variation of refractive index and extinction coefficient of films at 632.8 nm with doping concentration.$

Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Variation of thickness and roughness of coatings with doping and (b) variation of refractive index and extinction coefficient of films at 632.8 nm with doping concentration.

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Fig. 6. (Color online) (a) Transmission spectra and (b) Tauc plot of pristine SnO₂ coatings.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) (a) Photoluminescence spectra and (b) Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) diagram of the SnO₂ coatings for different molarities.

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Fig. 8. (Color online) (a) Variation of conductivity, and mobility with molarity of aerosol solution and (b) Arrhenius plot of SnO₂ coating from 0.2 M in the aerosol solution.

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Fig. 9. Transient photoconductivity of as grown SnO₂ coatings for different molarities (a) 0.05 M, (b) 0.15 M, (c) 0.20 M and (d) 0.30 M.

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Molarity (M)	Crystallite size (nm)		Dislocation density (10¹⁵line/m²)	Lattice strain (a.u.)
Molarity (M)	From Eq. (1)	From Fig. 3(b)	Dislocation density (10¹⁵line/m²)	Lattice strain (a.u.)
0.05	16.02	17.14	3.89	0.07
0.15	16.18	16.38	3.81	0.09
0.2	20.53	20.10	2.37	–0.48
0.3	20.88	20.74	2.29	–0.05

Table 1. Crystallite size, dislocation density, and lattice strain of SnO₂ coatings for different molarities.

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(hkl)	T_C of Sample 1 (0.05 M)	T_C of Sample 2 (0.15 M)	T_C of Sample 3 (0.20 M)	T_C of Sample 4 (0.30 M)
(112)	1.71	1.66	1.41	1.66
(006)	1.04	1.10	1.05	1.09
(122)	0.49	0.495	0.69	0.540
(118)	0.75	0.733	0.826	0.698

Table 2. Texture coefficient (T_C) of each (hkl) plane.

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Molarity (M)	Thickness (nm)	Roughness (nm)	Mean square error	Refractive index	Extinction coefficient
0.05	70	3.56	5.14	1.7301	0.2741
0.15	100	4.22	4.87	1.7367	0.1334
0.20	133	6.12	3.99	1.7412	0.1567
0.30	150	8.63	4.57	1.7619	0.1159

Table 3. Ellipsometry and profilometry analysis of SnO₂ coatings for different molarities.

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Molarity (M)	CIE Coordinates	Emission colour
0.05	x = 0.278, y = 0.369	Green
0.15	x = 0.286, y = 0.365	Green
0.20	X = 0.273,y = 0.327	Bluish white
0.30	X = 0.297, y = 0.359	Greenish white

Table 4. CIE coordinates of samples from various molarity of the aerosol solution.

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Molarity (M)	Carrier concentration (10¹⁹ cm^–3)	Resistivity (10^–2 Ω·cm)	Conductivity (S/cm)	Mobility (cm²/(V·s))
0.05	1.039	8.44	11.80	6.7
0.15	2.061	4.51	22.20	7.1
0.20	2.989	4.03	24.86	5.2
0.30	3.012	4.34	23.03	4.7

Table 5. Electrical proprieties of the stannic oxide coatings.

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