Fig. 1. Simulation of cellular models. (a) Nucleated cell model; (b) physical thickness of the model at point A along the direction of light incidence; (c) phase distribution of the model

Fig. 2. Gradient data of phase for cellular models. (a) Gradient processing distribution of the cell model phase; (b) gradient distribution curve of the model along the AD direction

Fig. 3. Processing results of edge detection operator in cell model. (a) ∂2φ/∂x2distribution of model phase; (b) ∂φ/∂x2 distribution of model phase; (c) Canny distribution of model phase; (d) ∂2φ/∂x2 curve of the model along the AD direction; (e) ∂φ/∂x2 curve of the model along the AD direction; (f) Canny curve of the model along the AD direction

Fig. 4. Gradient processing results of polystyrene microspheres. (a) Fluorescence imaging of polystyrene fluorescent microspheres; (b) phase distribution of microspheres; (c) phase gradient distribution of microspheres; (d) curve of microsphere gradient distribution in the B₁B₃ direction; (e) curve of microsphere gradient distribution in the B₄B₂ direction

Fig. 5. Laplacian processing results of polystyrene microspheres. (a) Laplacian processing result of polystyrene microsphere phase; (b) distribution curve of microspheres along the B₁B₃ direction; (c) distribution curve of microspheres along the B₄B₂ direction

Fig. 6. Processing results of the phase of polystyrene microspheres. (a) Processing results of Canny operator for the phase distribution of polystyrene microspheres; (b) processing results of ∂φ/∂x2 operator for the phase distribution of polystyrene microspheres

Fig. 7. Phase analysis of onion epidermal cells using gradient operator. (a) Fluorescence microscopy of onion epidermal cell; (b) bright field map of onion epidermal cell; (c) phase map of onion epidermal cell; (d) ∂φ/∂x distribution of onion epidermal cell phase; (e) ∂φ/∂x distribution curve of onion epidermal cell along C₁C₃ direction; (f) ∂φ/∂x distribution curve of onion epidermal cell along C₄C₂ direction

Fig. 8. Phase analysis of onion epidermal cells using Laplacian operator. (a) ∂2φ/∂x2 distribution of onion epidermal cell phases; (b) ∂2φ/∂x2 distribution curve of cells along the C₁C₃ direction; (c) ∂2φ/∂x2 distribution curve of cells along the C₄C₂ direction

Table 1. Size analysis of sampling under different feature points in the sample model

Table 2. Size analysis of polystyrene microspheres at different sampling points under phase gradient distribution

Table 3. Size analysis of polystyrene microspheres at different sampling points under phase Laplacian processing distribution

Table 4. Size analysis of onion epidermal cell nucleus under phase gradient treatment

Table 5. Size analysis of onion epidermal cell nucleus under ∂2φ/∂x2 phase treatment