Fig. 1. Experimental setup of APPCs formation using dielectric barrier discharge system with two water electrodes. (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup; (b) picture from realdevice; (c) schematic diagram of APPCs formation

Fig. 2. Reconfiguration of APPCs with different filling ratios by varying supply voltage and gas pressures. (a1),(b1),(c1) Snapshots of APPCs obtained in experiment; (a2),(b2),(c2) schematic diagrams of APPCs, in which circular areas in center denote plasma columns, white rings denote air and backgrounds represent quartz glass; (a3),(b3),(c3) light intensity distribution of plasmas in each annular cell. Experimental parameters: (a1) U=3.2kV,P=25.3 kPa; (b1) U=3.0kV, P=25.3 kPa; (c1) U=2.6kV, P=20.3 kPa. Ratio of working gas Air∶Ar=2∶1, frequency of supply voltage f=48.5kHz

Fig. 3. Spatio-temporally resolved measurements of discharge of APPCs with different filling ratios. (a1), (b1), (c1) Oscillogram of discharge current I, supply voltage U and light signal of one single filament A, closeups of singlecurrent pulses, denoted by strips in current waveforms, are presented in middle column; (a2), (b2), (c2) instantaneous images of discharges occurring during one single current pulse, obtained using fast camera diagnostics. Images are integrated over 30 voltage cycles to improve brightness and clarity

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of APPCs. (a) Lattice diagram, in which a1⃗ and a2⃗ are lattice vectors of triangular lattices; (b) irreducible Brillouin zone; (c) schematic diagram of primitive cell, in which r0 denotes radius of air ring and r1 denotes radius of central plasma column

Fig. 5. Diagrams of band structures of APPCs with different filling ratios of plasmas. (a)~(d) Radii of plasma columns are 0.5, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 mm, respectively. Structures in (a)~(c) are accordance with APPCs obtained in experiment as shown in Fig. 2(a1)~2(c1). Gray stripes and dark stripes denote unidirectional and omnidirectional band gaps, respectively

Fig. 6. Variation of the first and second band gaps with increase of plasma column radius R for APPCs and conventional triangular PPCs. APPC PBG1, APPC PBG2 denote the first and second omnidirectional band gaps for APPCs, and PPC PBG1, PPC PBG2 represent the first and second omnidirectional band gaps for conventional triangular PPCs