Fig. 1. Diagrams of the optical system used for transmission matrix measurement. (a) Interferometry to measure the beam transmission matrix^[35]; (b) tilt measurement method to measure the beam transmission matrix^[37]

Fig. 2. Schematic of the phase conjugation technology principle. (a) Comparison between phase conjugate mirror (PCM) and ordinary mirror (M); (b) two equipments of the DOPC system^[43]; (c) schematic of TRUE system^[44]

Fig. 3. Simple models of adaptive optics. (a) Ideal microscope focus, the plane wave (flat dotted line) is transformed into a convergent spherical wave (curved dotted line) through the objective; (b) anisotropy (triangle and oval) of the biological sample tissue changes the transmission direction and phase of light, resulting in wavefront distortion, focal volume enlargement, focal intensity lower; (c) an active optical element (not shown) is used to change the phase of the input wavefront to cancel the aberration and restore the diffraction-limited focus

Fig. 4. Schematic of machine learning assisted adaptive optics. (a) Schematic of wavefront estimation system without wavefront sensor^[63]; (b) schematic of wavefront estimation system based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor^[68]; (c) algorithm flow of machine learning assisted wavefront estimation without wavefront sensor^[63]; (d) algorithm flow of machine learning assisted wavefront estimation with wavefront sensor^[68]

Fig. 5. Two-photon target photostimulaion for neurons. (a) Schematic of multi-cell photostimulation based on two-photon scanning microscopy system^[87]; (b) multi-cell two-photon photoactivation based on parallel pattern illumination^[78]

Fig. 6. Optical configuration of the two-photon scanning microscopy system^[80]. (a) Scanning light path; (b) structure of the galvanometer scanner; (c) principle of acousto-optic deflector

Fig. 7. Two-photon scanning parallel patterned photostimulation system based on SLM^[74]

Fig. 8. Technical path of parallel patterned stimulation. (a) Optical system of intensity modulation based on miniature LED or DMD; (b) holographic technology experimental device, the illustration shows the target image and corresponding results of the holographic system; (c) three-dimensional directional addressing optical system, the inset shows the phase mask loaded on the two spatial light modulators and the three-dimensional imaging results