Optogenetics uses optical technologies to control brain neural activity, providing important techniques and developing contemporary neuroscience. Because the noninvasive penetration depth of light is restricted in biological tissue, traditional optogenetics implants an invasive optical fiber, resulting in the inability to guarantee the spatial precision of light stimulation. Recently, with the advancement of optical technology, precision optogenetics has gradually emerged. Precision optogenetics primarily uses a deep-penetration optical system with a high spatiotemporal resolution, single-cell precision neuromodulation capabilities, and real-time detection capabilities for subcellular precision neuronal cluster activity. In this study, we analyzed and discussed the technical principles, optical path construction, and system optimization of precision optogenetics. Finally, we look forward to the future developments and applications of precision optogenetics by discussing the technical limitations and possible solutions.