Two dimensional (2D) semiconductors have unique 2D material properties, novel valley electron energy band structure, and abundant regulatory degree of freedom, which bring opportunities for the research of condensed matter physics, optics, and other fields. However, these studies still have many fundamental problems, such as low efficiency of light utilization and susceptibility to environmental disturbance of quantum properties. The coupling of two-dimensional semiconductors and precision micro-nano optical cavities not only provides a suitable solution for these problems, but also exhibits unprecedented and novel optical effects, thus opening up new research directions for the basic physical research and optoelectronic applications of 2D semiconductors. The research progress of light-material coupling of 2D semiconductors in micro-nano optical cavities in the past 10 years is reviewed. This paper also focuses on the optical properties of 2D semiconductors, the research progress and control mechanism of different coupling regions between the 2D semiconductor and micro-nano optical cavity, and its potential applications in nano laser source, valley electronics, quantum optics, etc. The future development direction and opportunities are also prospected.