Fig. 1. Digital holographic quantitative phase imaging. (a) Setup of the LED-based slightly off-axis digital holographic microscopy system ^[17]; (b) setup of the common-path off-axis interference digital holographic microscopy system^[20]; (c) setup of the common-path phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy system^[21]; (d) setup of the on-chip digital holographic microscopy system^[22]

Fig. 2. Fourier ptychographic microscopy. (a) Iterative recovery procedure^[24]; (b) imaging setup

Fig. 3. OCT structures ^[49]. (a) Time-domain OCT; (b) frequency-domain OCT

Fig. 4. Schematic of ODT principle and structure. (a) Normal incidence of scattering potential reconstruction process; (b) oblique incidence of scattering potential reconstruction process; (c)(d) reconstructed longitudinal and transverse views of scattering potential; (e) schematic of optical setup^[71]

Fig. 5. Optical diffraction tomography. (a) 2πdigital holographic microscopy ^[72]; (b) lensfree diffractive tomography^[73]; (c) partially coherent optical diffractive tomography^[84]; (d) white field optical diffractive tomography^[85]

Fig. 6. In vivo PACT imaging of the embryo in the pregnant mouse at embryonic day of 15.5^[100]. (a) Maximum intensity projection of the 3D PACT imaging; (b)-(g) tomography results at different depths

Fig. 7. Applications of second and third harmonic microscopic imaging in biology. (a) Phase image of the SHG signal generated in the spindles during mitosis^[110]; (b) in vivo THG microscopic imaging of the cortical vasculature with 800μmdepth^[111]

Fig. 8. CARS holographic microscopy. (a) CARS holographic microscopic imaging technology^[126]; (b) polarizated CARS holographic microscopic imaging technology^[127]; (c) holographic CARS imaging of the polystyrene microspheres, Fig.(1) is holographic CARS imaging, Fig.(2) and Fig.(3) are the retrieved amplitude intensity and phase image, Fig.(4) and Fig.(5) are CARS signal distribution at different depths obtained by using the beam propagation theory, Fig.(6) is the reconstructed CARS intensity distribution of the polystyrene microspheres when the Stokes wavelength is apart from the polystyrene resonance

Fig. 9. Stimulated Raman spectroscopic imaging by single photodiode detector based on spatial frequency multiplexing^[130]. (a) Principle of spatial frequency multiplexing; (b) the experimental setup

Fig. 10. Applications of SRS in clinical medicine. (a) SRS rapid diagnosis on gout human^[141], green presents the SRS signal of monosodium urate; (b) typical SRS images of breast tissues^[142], green presents lipids, blue presents proteins, red presents collagen fibers, white presents hap

Fig. 11. Co-localization imaging results of six organelles under SR-FACT^[71]