Two-dimensional (2D) materials can be used in the preparation of ultrathin electronic and optoelectronic devices at the atomic level, which piques considerable interest. The physical and chemical properties of 2D materials can be effectively modulated by doping, which is crucial to its application. The research progress in the luminescence properties of doped 2D materials is reviewed herein. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of classic 2D materials are introduced and the optical properties and luminescence principles of 2D materials doped with transition metal ions and lanthanide ions are summarized. Finally, the application and development of ultrathin optical devices based on luminescent ion-doped 2D materials are summarized and prospected.