A periodic structural parameter inspection method based on spectrum characteristics is designed herein by utilizing the unique spectrum distribution of periodic texture images. A static image inspection interface and a real-time acquisition and inspection system are built, and multiple experiments are conducted based on fabric density inspection. The ratio of relative error of experimental data less than 1% is 96.7%, the average error is about 36% lower than that of the existing algorithm, the inspection time of single frame image is approximately 150 ms, and the inspection speed is suitable for industrial inspection. The proposed method is applied to the field of paper counting, wood texture inspection, and micro-structure array inspection. The experimental results show that the periodic structure parameter inspection method based on spectrum characteristics has high accuracy, wide application range, and high detection efficiency.