Author Affiliations
1Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China2Jiangsu Seenbom Flexible Electronics Institute Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210043, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of (a) early reports of A-NF-SMAs, (b) early reports of small molecule acceptors.
Fig. 2. (a) A typical current–voltage J–V characteristics of solar cells. (b) Standard architecture of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) and (c) inverted structure. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [34].
Fig. 3. Simplified schematic of photoconversion in OSCs with the processes of photon absorption, exciton diffusion, exciton dissociation by charge transfer, and charge carrier collection denoted. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33].
Fig. 4. Chemical structures of polymer donors.
Fig. 5. Chemical structures of A–D–A asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors without nitrogen.
Fig. 6. Chemical structures of A–D–A asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors with nitrogen.
Fig. 7. Chemical structures of other asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors based on the A–D–A structure and the molecules that are associated.
Fig. 8. (a) Chemical structure of CC5 and CC10. (b) Optimized geometries and the corresponding intermolecular binding energies by DFT calculations of CC5 and CC10 dimers. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [62]. (c) The molecular structures, (d) DFT calculated geometries (side view), and the HOMO/LUMO (top view) structures of IDT-2BM and PhITBD. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [69].
Fig. 9. The chemical structures of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors are based on asymmetric terminal groups and their molecules.
Fig. 10. Chemical structure of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors based on asymmetric branched chains and the molecules associated with them.
Fig. 11. Chemical structures of asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors based on A1–D–A2–D–A1 structure and the molecules that are associated with them.
Fig. 12. (a) Molecular conformation of TB-4Cl and Y6. (b) Chemical structures of TB-4Cl and Y6. Models of (c) TB-4Cl-2T2, (d) TB-4Cl-1T1, and (e) Y6-dimer in front view and side view. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [92].
Fig. 13. The box chart of PCE distribution for A-NF-SMAs based on different structures.
| A-NF-SMA | Egopt (eV)
| HOMO/LUMO (eV) | Donor | Voc (V)
| Jsc (mA/cm2)
| FF (%) | PCEmax (%)
| Ref. |
|---|
| IPT2F-TCl | 1.48 | –5.59/–4.00 | PBDB-T | 0.860 | 20.59 | 77.51 | 13.74 | [21]
| | TPTT-IC | 1.63 | –5.78/–3.95 | PBT1-C | 0.960 | 15.60 | 70.00 | 10.50 | [37]
| | TPTT-2F | 1.58 | –5.75/–4.04 | PBT1-C | 0.881 | 15.82 | 73.00 | 10.17 | [38]
| | TPTTT-2F | 1.56 | –5.69/–4.01 | PBT1-C | 0.916 | 17.63 | 74.50 | 12.03 | [38]
| | T-TT | 1.64 | –5.43/–3.47 | PM6 | 0.966 | 16.00 | 62.70 | 9.70 | [39]
| | T-TT-4F | 1.58 | –5.44/–3.51 | PM6 | 0.859 | 18.48 | 66.10 | 10.49 | [39]
| | T-TT-4Cl | 1.53 | –5.48/–3.59 | PM6 | 0.813 | 19.00 | 65.70 | 10.16 | [39]
| | IDT6CN-M | 1.63 | –5.62/–3.90 | PBDB-T | 0.924 | 15.97 | 76.10 | 11.23 | [40]
| | IDT8CN-M | 1.58 | –5.54/–3.91 | PBDB-T | 0.920 | 17.11 | 78.90 | 12.43 | [40]
| | TPTT-T-2F | 1.54 | –5.60/–4.00 | PBT1-C | 0.915 | 18.50 | 75.10 | 12.71 | [41]
| | IDT6CN | 1.63 | –5.68/–3.97 | PBDB-T | 0.830 | 15.14 | 73.77 | 9.27 | [42]
| | IDT6CN-Th | 1.61 | –5.71/–4.01 | PBDB-T | 0.810 | 16.75 | 76.72 | 10.41 | [42]
| | IDT6CN-M | 1.65 | –5.60/–3.87 | PBDB-T | 0.910 | 16.02 | 76.83 | 11.20 | [42]
| | IDT6CN-TM | 1.60 | –5.70/–3.96 | PM6 | 0.953 | 17.40 | 74.70 | 12.40 | [43]
| | IDT6CN-4F | 1.58 | –5.78/–4.12 | PM6 | 0.859 | 18.34 | 69.10 | 10.88 | [43]
| | α-IT
| 1.54 | –5.65/–3.99 | PM6 | 0.907 | 16.60 | 76.20 | 11.46 | [44]
| | N7IT | 1.42 | –5.47/–3.93 | PM6 | 0.932 | 21.04 | 70.50 | 13.82 | [44]
| | N8IT | 1.42 | –5.41/–3.90 | PM6 | 0.943 | 18.53 | 68.20 | 11.92 | [44]
| | MeIC1 | 1.54 | –5.59/–3.89 | PBDB-T | 0.927 | 18.32 | 74.10 | 12.58 | [45]
| | TTPTTT-IC | 1.60 | –5.64/–3.87 | PBT1-C | 0.996 | 12.47 | 63.70 | 7.91 | [46]
| | TTPTTT-2F | 1.54 | –5.67/–4.04 | PBT1-C | 0.920 | 16.78 | 73.60 | 11.52 | [46]
| | TTPTTT-4F | 1.52 | –5.69/–4.12 | PBT1-C | 0.863 | 19.36 | 72.10 | 12.05 | [46]
| | SePT-IN | 1.54 | –5.77/–4.00 | PBT1-C | 0.850 | 16.37 | 73.30 | 10.20 | [47]
| | SePTT-2F | 1.50 | –5.71/–4.00 | PBT1-C | 0.830 | 17.51 | 75.00 | 10.90 | [48]
| | SePTTT-2F | 1.50 | –5.66/–3.97 | PBT1-C | 0.895 | 18.02 | 75.90 | 12.24 | [48]
| | TBDB-Ph | 1.46 | –5.44/–3.74 | PBDT-BZ
PTBD-BZ
PDTBDT-BZ
| 0.926
0.925
0.913
| 9.93
18.13
13.41
| 43.90
65.90
51.80
| 4.04
11.06
6.20
| [49]
| | TBDB-Na | 1.41 | –5.45/–3.77 | PBDT-BZ
PTBD-BZ
PDTBDT-BZ
| 0.905
0.906
0.879
| 13.14
19.61
11.24
| 53.20
70.20
54.40
| 6.32
12.47
5.38
| [49]
| | a-BTTIC | 1.43 | –5.45/–3.83 | PBDB-T | 0.904 | 20.31 | 74.00 | 13.60 | [50]
| | IPT-2F | 1.44 | –5.51/–3.96 | PBDB-T | 0.860 | 22.40 | 72.40 | 14.00 | [53]
| | IPTT-2F | 1.42 | –5.46/–4.04 | PBDB-T | 0.874 | 19.70 | 66.20 | 11.40 | [53]
| | IPTTT-2F | 1.43 | –5.40/–4.07 | PBDB-T | 0.894 | 20.00 | 69.30 | 12.30 | [53]
| | IPT-4F | 1.42 | –5.57/–4.08 | PM6 | 0.914 | 22.08 | 74.15 | 14.96 | [54]
| | IPTBO-4F | 1.41 | –5.57/–4.07 | PM6 | 0.917 | 22.08 | 72.45 | 14.67 | [54]
| | IPT-4Cl | 1.39 | –5.58/–4.11 | PM6 | 0.883 | 23.18 | 70.37 | 14.40 | [54]
| | IPTBO-4Cl | 1.39 | –5.64/–4.08 | PM6 | 0.893 | 23.15 | 72.57 | 15.00 | [54]
| | TPIC | – | – | PM7 | 1.003 | 18.51 | 71.10 | 13.20 | [55]
| | TPIC-4F | – | – | PM7 | 0.901 | 22.35 | 74.20 | 14.90 | [55]
| | TPIC-4Cl | – | – | PM7 | 0.885 | 22.89 | 75.70 | 15.40 | [55]
| | TPIC | 1.50 | –5.30/–3.85 | PM7 | 1.002 | 18.77 | 70.90 | 13.33 | [56]
| | TPIC-2Cl | 1.45 | –5.36/–3.92 | PM7 | 0.941 | 21.37 | 72.20 | 14.53 | [56]
| | TPIC-4Cl | 1.40 | –5.35/–3.97 | PM7 | 0.881 | 23.03 | 75.50 | 15.31 | [56]
| | DTPPSe-IC | 1.46 | –5.38/–3.84 | PBDB-T | 0.900 | 17.32 | 63.36 | 9.88 | [57]
| | DTPPSe-2F | 1.40 | –5.52/–4.05 | PBDB-T | 0.840 | 22.16 | 73.70 | 13.76 | [57]
| | DTPPSe-4F | 1.39 | –5.53/–4.10 | PBDB-T | 0.780 | 21.18 | 72.84 | 12.03 | [57]
| | IDTP-4F | – | –5.54/–3.98 | PM6
S1
PM7
| 0.871
0.892
0.903
| 22.30
22.40
22.50
| 73.40
73.20
74.60
| 14.30
14.60
15.20
| [58]
| | IDTTP-4F | – | –5.53/–3.97 | PM6
S1
PM7
| 0.874
0.897
0.908
| 20.50
21.40
21.20
| 70.30
70.20
71.60
| 12.60
13.50
13.80
| [58]
| | IN-4F | 1.45 | –5.59/–3.94 | PM6 | 0.920 | 19.50 | 69.65 | 12.50 | [60]
| | INO-4F | 1.46 | –5.64/–3.93 | PM6 | 0.930 | 20.46 | 71.95 | 13.69 | [60]
| | IPT-4F | 1.41 | –5.56/–4.05 | PM6 | 0.880 | 22.15 | 75.01 | 14.62 | [60]
| | IPCl-4F | 1.39 | –5.60/–4.08 | PM6 | 0.830 | 21.18 | 61.38 | 10.79 | [60]
| | ITCNTC | 1.68 | –5.66/–3.92 | J71 | 0.942 | 14.16 | 63.80 | 8.52 | [61]
| | CC10 | 1.38 | –5.72/–4.07 | PM6 | 0.771 | 22.70 | 67.30 | 11.78 | [62]
| | N65-IC | 1.48 | –5.52/–3.89 | PBDB-T
PBDB-T-2F
| 0.870
0.870
| 18.94
15.07
| 55.00
51.00
| 9.03
6.67
| [63]
| | N65-2FIC | 1.40 | –5.60/–4.03 | PBDB-T
PBDB-T-2F
| 0.720
0.820
| 19.11
21.49
| 62.00
58.00
| 8.51
10.19
| [63]
| | ITOTC | 1.61 | –5.66/–3.87 | PBDB-T | 0.940 | 15.10 | 58.82 | 8.35 | [64]
| | ITUTC | 1.60 | –5.66/–3.85 | PBDB-T | 0.940 | 14.54 | 56.37 | 7.68 | [64]
| | ITUIC | 1.64 | –5.65/–3.83 | PBDB-T | 0.970 | 13.64 | 48.58 | 6.45 | [64]
| | IOTC | 1.69 | –5.70/–4.01 | PBDB-T | 0.950 | 15.04 | 55.52 | 7.94 | [66]
| | IETC | 1.72 | –5.72/–4.00 | PBDB-T | 0.960 | 14.53 | 53.21 | 7.40 | [66]
| | IOPC | 1.76 | –5.71/–3.95 | PBDB-T | 1.010 | 10.69 | 44.90 | 4.86 | [66]
| | IEPC | 1.76 | –5.72/–3.96 | PBDB-T | 1.000 | 11.55 | 45.54 | 5.26 | [66]
| | TIDT-BT-R2 | 1.68 | –5.25/–3.65 | PTB7-Th | 1.040 | 13.10 | 63.90 | 8.70 | [68]
| | TIDT-BT-R6 | 1.70 | –5.28/–3.67 | PTB7-Th | 1.030 | 10.30 | 52.30 | 5.60 | [68]
| | PhITBD | –
1.64
| –5.74/–3.69
–5.69/–3.99
| PTB7-Th
PBDB-T
| 0.757
0.890
| 14.07
4.560
| 62.00
44.00
| 6.57
1.79
| [69]
[96]
| | ITBR | 1.71 | –5.55/–3.71 | PTB7-Th | 1.020 | 14.46 | 51.02 | 7.49 | [29]
| | ITBRC | 1.63 | –5.60/–3.82 | PTB7-Th | 0.790 | 13.34 | 59.49 | 6.27 | [29]
| | ITBC | 1.59 | –5.64/–3.94 | PTB7-Th | 0.910 | 9.21 | 51.04 | 4.26 | [29]
| | ITDI | 1.36 | –5.75/–4.26 | PBDB-T | 0.940 | 14.23 | 60.34 | 8.00 | [72]
| | CDTDI | 1.53 | –5.89/–4.18 | PBDB-T | 0.860 | 8.16 | 38.25 | 2.75 | [72]
| | ITIC-2Cl-β | – | –5.30/–3.71 | PBDB-T-2F | 0.940 | 18.47 | 64.63 | 11.21 | [76]
| | α-ITIC-2Cl
| – | –5.29/–3.77 | PBDB-T-2F | 0.880 | 18.91 | 73.50 | 12.23 | [76]
| | ITIC-2F | 1.56 | –5.76/–4.07 | PBDB-TF | 0.920 | 17.30 | 65.70 | 10.38 | [77]
| | ITIC-3F | 1.54 | –5.73/–4.12 | PBDB-TF | 0.890 | 19.40 | 66.50 | 11.44 | [77]
| | a-IT-2OM | 1.63 | –5.61/–3.92 | PBDB-T | 0.930 | 18.11 | 71.52 | 12.07 | [78]
| | a-IT-2F | 1.56 | –5.67/–4.07 | PBDB-T | 0.780 | 19.06 | 68.84 | 10.28 | [78]
| | IT-3F | – | – | PBDB-TF | 0.910 | 20.33 | 75.70 | 13.83 | [79]
| | IDTT-2F-Th | 1.55 | –5.78/–4.09 | PBT1-C-2Cl | 0.912 | 17.82 | 73.90 | 12.01 | [80]
| | ITIC-2Cl−Th | – | –5.31/–3.70 | PM6 | 0.860 | 18.58 | 72.09 | 11.45 | [81]
| | ITIC-Cl-γ-Th
| – | –5.30/–3.66 | PM6 | 0.910 | 18.30 | 73.15 | 12.25 | [81]
| | ITIC-Cl-δ-Th | – | –5.31/–3.74 | PM6 | 0.890 | 17.27 | 72.56 | 11.13 | [81]
| | ZITI-3F | 1.50 | –5.64/–3.76 | J71 | 0.900 | 20.67 | 71.53 | 13.15 | [82]
| | IDTBF | 1.58 | –5.64/–3.80 | PM6 | 0.940 | 16.98 | 65.14 | 10.43 | [83]
| | A1 | 1.55 | –5.15/–3.73 | J71 | 0.970 | 5.71 | 29.57 | 1.63 | [84]
| | A2 | 1.61 | –5.37/–3.67 | J71 | 0.980 | 11.63 | 39.63 | 4.52 | [84]
| | IDT-OB | 1.66 | –5.77/–3.87 | PBDB-T | 0.880 | 16.18 | 71.10 | 10.12 | [85]
| | IDTT-OB | 1.59 | –5.59/–3.88 | PBDB-T | 0.910 | 16.19 | 75.10 | 11.19 | [86]
| | p-IO1 | 1.34 | –5.46/–4.13 | PTB7 | 0.780 | 22.30 | 62.00 | 10.80 | [87]
| | o-IO1 | 1.28 | –5.44/–4.15 | PTB7 | 0.740 | 26.30 | 67.00 | 13.10 | [87]
| | TOBDT | – | – | PM6 | 0.890 | 18.70 | 68.00 | 11.30 | [88]
| | MeITBD | 1.69 | –5.74/–3.95 | PBDB-T | 0.890 | 11.10 | 58.00 | 5.75 | [96]
|
|
Table 1. Device parameters for A–D–A typed A-NF-SMA PSCs.
| A-NF-SMA | Egopt (eV)
| HOMO/LUMO (eV) | Donor | Voc (V)
| Jsc (mA/cm2)
| FF (%) | PCEmax (%)
| Ref. |
|---|
| BTP-S1 | – | – | PM6 | 0.934 | 22.39 | 72.69 | 15.21 | [32]
| | BTP-S2 | – | – | PM6 | 0.945 | 24.07 | 72.02 | 16.37 | [32]
| | Y6-1O | 1.43 | –5.71/–3.84 | PM6 | 0.890 | 23.20 | 78.30 | 16.10 | [36]
| | BDTP-4F | 1.36 | –5.61/–3.90 | PM6 | 0.895 | 22.54 | 75.50 | 15.24 | [59]
| | BTDTP-4F | 1.30 | –5.56/–3.93 | PM6 | 0.866 | 21.25 | 71.30 | 13.12 | [59]
| | SY1 | – | –5.68/–3.95 | PM6 | 0.871 | 25.41 | 76.00 | 16.83 | [90]
| | SY2 | – | –5.67/–3.99 | PM6 | 0.852 | 25.29 | 74.30 | 16.01 | [90]
| | SY3 | – | –5.69/–3.98 | PM6 | 0.858 | 25.54 | 74.10 | 16.23 | [90]
| | BTP-2F-ThCl | 1.34 | –5.70/–3.99 | PM6 | 0.869 | 25.38 | 77.40 | 17.06 | [91]
| | TB-4Cl | – | –5.70/–4.10 | PM6
PM7
| 0.848
0.862
| 22.16
21.67
| 75.20
71.78
| 14.67
13.67
| [92]
| | Y21 | 1.35 | –5.65/–3.90 | PM6 | 0.830 | 24.90 | 74.40 | 15.40 | [93]
| | Y22 | 1.38 | –5.69/–3.94 | PM6 | 0.853 | 24.37 | 74.12 | 15.40 | [94]
|
|
Table 2. Device parameters for A–D–A–D–A Typed NF-SMA PSCs.
![(a) A typical current–voltage J–V characteristics of solar cells. (b) Standard architecture of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) and (c) inverted structure. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [34].](/richHtml/jos/2021/42/10/101607/img_2.jpg)
![Simplified schematic of photoconversion in OSCs with the processes of photon absorption, exciton diffusion, exciton dissociation by charge transfer, and charge carrier collection denoted. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33].](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
