Fig. 1. Training processes of (a) data-driven deep learning and (b) 4K-DMDNet, respectively.

Fig. 2. Generation and reconstruction process of 4K POHs by the 4K-DMDNet. The sub-pixel convolution method and oversampling method have played decisive roles to achieve it.

Fig. 3. (a) U-Net neural network architecture of 4K-DMDNet. (b) Upsampling block architecture. The figures between the brackets present the kernel size and the stride of the convolutional layer, respectively.

Fig. 4. (a–c) Schematic diagram of the transposed convolution, NN-resize convolution, and sub-pixel convolution with their corresponding numerical simulations.

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the Fresnel diffraction model. (b) Fresnel diffraction model with oversampling method realized in the neural network layer manner. (c) Comparison between the numerical simulation and optical reconstruction with the undersampling problem. (d) Schematic diagram of the oversampling method.

Fig. 6. Contrast between the numerical simulations of POHs by (a) the GS algorithm, (b) Holo-Encoder, and (c) 4K-DMDNet. (d) Evaluation of algorithm runtime and image quality. The length of the bar represents the standard deviation of 100 samples (DIV2K_valid_HR).

Fig. 7. (a) Photograph of the experimental setup. (b) Schematic diagram of the time multiplexing method for full-color display. (c) Full-color 4K optical reconstruction by 4K-DMDNet and its detail views. (d) Optical reconstruction by GS algorithm. (e) Optical reconstruction by Holo-Encoder.

Fig. 8. (a) Object, (b) POH, and (c) optical reconstruction of the binary target.

Fig. 9. (a) All-in-focus image of the 3D scene. (b) Depth map of the 3D scene. (c) (d) and (e) Optical reconstructions of the 4K-DMDNet for 3D scene at the 28 cm, 30 cm and 32 cm, respectively. The enlarged views are presented at the right side.