High-performance millimeter-scale silicon grating emitters for beam steering applications

Ze Chen; Haibin Lü; Yanfeng Chen; Xiaoping Liu

doi:10.3788/COL202220.121301

[1] C. V. Poulton, A. Yaacobi, D. B. Cole, M. J. Byrd, M. Raval, D. Vermeulen, M. R. Watts. Coherent solid-state LIDAR with silicon photonic optical phased arrays. Opt. Lett., 42, 4091(2017).

[2] C. V. Poulton, M. J. Byrd, P. Russo, E. Timurdogan, M. Khandaker, D. Vermeulen, M. R. Watts. Long-range LiDAR and free-space data communication with high-performance optical phased arrays. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 25, 7700108(2019).

[3] C. V. Poulton, M. J. Byrd, E. Timurdogan, P. Russo, D. Vermeulen, M. R. Watts. Optical phased arrays for integrated beam steering. IEEE 15th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP)(2018).

[4] C.-S. Im, B. Bhandari, K.-P. Lee, S.-M. Kim, M.-C. Oh, S.-S. Lee. Silicon nitride optical phased array based on a grating antenna enabling wavelength-tuned beam steering. Opt. Express, 28, 3270(2020).

[5] T. Raj, F. H. Hashim, A. B. Huddin, M. F. Ibrahim, A. Hussain. A survey on LiDAR scanning mechanisms. Electronics, 9, 741(2020).

[6] P. F. McManamon, P. Banks, J. Beck, D. G. Fried, A. S. Huntington, E. A. Watson. Comparison of flash lidar detector options. Opt. Eng., 56, 031223(2017).

[7] D. N. Hutchison, J. Sun, J. K. Doylend, R. Kumar, J. Heck, W. Kim, C. T. Phare, A. Feshali, H. Rong. High-resolution aliasing-free optical beam steering. Optica, 3, 887(2016).

[8] D. Kwong, A. Hosseini, J. Covey, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, H. Subbaraman, R. T. Chen. On-chip silicon optical phased array for two-dimensional beam steering. Opt. Lett., 39, 941(2014).

[9] S. A. Miller, Y.-C. Chang, C. T. Phare, M. C. Shin, M. Zadka, S. P. Roberts, B. Stern, X. Ji, A. Mohanty, O. A. Jimenez Gordillo, U. D. Dave, M. Lipson. Large-scale optical phased array using a low-power multi-pass silicon photonic platform. Optica, 7, 3(2020).

[10] J. Sun, E. Timurdogan, A. Yaacobi, E. S. Hosseini, M. R. Watts. Large-scale nanophotonic phased array. Nature, 493, 195(2013).

[11] L. Wang, Z. Chen, H. Wang, A. Liu, P. Wang, T. Lin, X. Liu, H. Lv. Design of a low-crosstalk half-wavelength pitch nano-structured silicon waveguide array. Opt. Lett., 44, 3266(2019).

[12] S. Jahani, S. Kim, J. Atkinson, J. C. Wirth, F. Kalhor, A. Al Noman, W. D. Newman, P. Shekhar, K. Han, V. Van, R. G. Decorby, L. Chrostowski, M. Qi, Z. Jacob. Controlling evanescent waves using silicon photonic all-dielectric metamaterials for dense integration. Nat. Commun., 9, 1893(2018).

[13] S. Jahani, Z. Jacob. Transparent subdiffraction optics: nanoscale light confinement without metal. Optica, 1, 96(2014).

[14] D. Kwong, A. Hosseini, J. Covey, X. Xu, Y. Zhang, S. Chakravarty, R. T. Chen. Corrugated waveguide-based optical phased array with crosstalk suppression. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 26, 991(2014).

[15] B. Shen, R. Polson, R. Menon. Increasing the density of passive photonic-integrated circuits via nanophotonic cloaking. Nat. Commun., 7, 13126(2016).

[16] L. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Hou, Y. Wang, M. Tao, B. Chen, Q. Na, Y. Li, Z. Zhi, X. Liu, X. Li, F. Gao, X. Luo, G.-Q. Lo, J. Song. Investigation and demonstration of a high-power handling and large-range steering optical phased array chip. Opt. Express, 29, 29755(2021).

[17] W. Xie, T. Komljenovic, J. Huang, M. Tran, M. Davenport, A. Torres, P. Pintus, J. Bowers. Heterogeneous silicon photonics sensing for autonomous cars [Invited]. Opt. Express, 27, 3642(2019).

[18] J. C. Hulme, J. K. Doylend, M. J. R. Heck, J. D. Peters, M. L. Davenport, J. T. Bovington, L. A. Coldren, J. E. Bowers. Fully integrated hybrid silicon two dimensional beam scanner. Opt. Express, 23, 5861(2015).

[19] M. Zadka, Y.-C. Chang, A. Mohanty, C. T. Phare, S. P. Roberts, M. Lipson. On-chip platform for a phased array with minimal beam divergence and wide field-of-view. Opt. Express, 26, 2528(2018).

[20] M. Raval, C. V. Poulton, M. R. Watts. Unidirectional waveguide grating antennas for nanophotonic phased arrays. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)(2017).

[21] B. Chen, Y. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Liu, M. Tao, Y. Hou, H. Tang, Z. Zhi, F. Gao, X. Luo, G. Lo, J. Song. Unidirectional large-scale waveguide grating with uniform radiation for optical phased array. Opt. Express, 29, 20995(2021).

[22] S. Katoch, S. S. Chauhan, V. Kumar. A review on genetic algorithm: past, present, and future. Multimed. Tools Appl., 80, 8091(2021).

[23] Y. Song, F. Wang, X. Chen. An improved genetic algorithm for numerical function optimization. Appl. Intell., 49, 1880(2019).

[24] A. Arabali, M. Ghofrani, M. Etezadi-Amoli, M. S. Fadali, Y. Baghzouz. Genetic-algorithm-based optimization approach for energy management. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 28, 162(2013).

[25] D. Marcuse. Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides(1991).

[26] A. W. Snyder, R. A. Sammut. Radiation modes of optical waveguides. Electron. Lett., 15, 4(1979).

[27] C. G. Poulton, C. Koos, M. Fujii, A. Pfrang, T. Schimmel, J. Leuthold, W. Freude. Radiation modes and roughness loss in high index-contrast waveguides. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 12, 1306(2006).

[28] L. Ma, J. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, N. Zhang, S. Zheng, C. Lu. Intelligent algorithms: new avenues for designing nanophotonic devices [Invited]. Chin. Opt. Lett., 19, 011301(2021).

Data from CrossRef