• Journal of Semiconductors
  • Vol. 43, Issue 6, 061101 (2022)
Agbolade Lukman Olatomiwa1、3、4, Tijjani Adam1、3, Subash C. B. Gopinath2、3、5, Sanusi Yekinni Kolawole4, Oyeshola Hakeem Olayinka4, and U. Hashim3
Author Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • 2Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • 3Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
  • 4Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
  • 5Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia
  • show less
    DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/061101 Cite this Article
    Agbolade Lukman Olatomiwa, Tijjani Adam, Subash C. B. Gopinath, Sanusi Yekinni Kolawole, Oyeshola Hakeem Olayinka, U. Hashim. Graphene synthesis, fabrication, characterization based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: An overview[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(6): 061101 Copy Citation Text show less
    References

    [1]

    [2]

    [3] V Chabot, D Higgins, A P Yu et al. A review of graphene and graphene oxide sponge: Material synthesis and applications to energy and the environment. Energy Environ Sci, 7, 1564(2014).

    [4] K S Novoselov, V I Fal'ko, L Colombo et al. A roadmap for graphene. Nature, 490, 192(2012).

    [5] A A Balandin. Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat Mater, 10, 569(2011).

    [6] X Cao, J J Shi, M Zhang et al. Band gap opening of graphene by forming heterojunctions with the 2D carbonitrides nitrogenated holey graphene, g-C3N4, and g-CN: Electric field effect. J Phys Chem C, 120, 11299(2016).

    [7] S Sahu, G C Rout. Band gap opening in graphene: A short theoretical study. Int Nano Lett, 7, 81(2017).

    [8] X S Li, L Colombo, R S Ruoff. Synthesis of graphene films on copper foils by chemical vapor deposition. Adv Mater, 28, 6247(2016).

    [9] S Stankovich, D A Dikin, R D Piner et al. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon, 45, 1558(2007).

    [10] C Berger, Z M Song, T B Li et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:   2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J Phys Chem B, 108, 19912(2004).

    [11] M S A Bhuyan, M N Uddin, M M Islam et al. Synthesis of graphene. Int Nano Lett, 6, 65(2016).

    [12] S Kar, S Saha, S Dutta et al. A comprehensive review over green synthesis of graphene. Int J Res Sci Innov, 5, 2321(2018).

    [13] M J Fernández-Merino, L Guardia, J I Paredes et al. Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions. J Phys Chem C, 114, 6426(2010).

    [14] B Kartick, S K Srivastava, I Srivastava. Green synthesis of graphene. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 13, 4320(2013).

    [15] W Choi, I Lahiri, R Seelaboyina et al. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A review. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci, 35, 52(2010).

    [16] M Eizenberg, J M Blakely. Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111). Surf Sci, 82, 228(1979).

    [17] C Oshima, A Nagashima. Ultra-thin epitaxial films of graphite and hexagonal boron nitride on solid surfaces. J Phys: Condens Matter, 9, 1(1997).

    [18] K S Novoselov, D Jiang, F Schedin et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. PNAS, 102, 10451(2005).

    [19] E Rokuta, Y Hasegawa, A Itoh et al. Vibrational spectra of the monolayer films of hexagonal boron nitride and graphite on faceted Ni(755). Surf Sci, 427/428, 97(1999).

    [20]

    [21] X Li, W Cai, J An et al. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science, 324, 1312(2009).

    [22] V K Das, Z B Shifrina, L M Bronstein. Graphene and graphene-like materials in biomass conversion: Paving the way to the future. J Mater Chem A, 5, 25131(2017).

    [23] T Mahmoudi, Y S Wang, Y B Hahn. Graphene and its derivatives for solar cells application. Nano Energy, 47, 51(2018).

    [24] J Singh, T Dutta, K H Kim et al. ‘Green’ synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: Applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol, 16, 84(2018).

    [25]

    [26] Z S Zhang, A Fraser, S Y Ye et al. Top-down bottom-up graphene synthesis. Nano Futur, 3, 042003(2019).

    [27] P Walimbe, M Chaudhari. State-of-the-art advancements in studies and applications of graphene: A comprehensive review. Mater Today Sustain, 6, 100026(2019).

    [28] J S Bunch, S S Verbridge, J S Alden et al. Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett, 8, 2458(2008).

    [29] F Rozpłoch, J Patyk, J Stankowski. Graphenes bonding forces in graphite. Acta Phys Pol A, 112, 557(2007).

    [30] L Yin, C Deng, F Deng et al. Analysis of the interaction energies between and within graphite particles during mechanical exfoliation. New Carbon Mater, 33, 449(2018).

    [31] W C Du, H B Geng, Y Yang et al. Pristine graphene for advanced electrochemical energy applications. J Power Sources, 437, 226899(2019).

    [32] C J Cai, N N Sang, Z G Shen et al. Facile and size-controllable preparation of graphene oxide nanosheets using high shear method and ultrasonic method. J Exp Nanosci, 12, 247(2017).

    [33]

    [34] S M Beladi-Mousavi, S Sadaf, L Walder et al. Poly(vinylferrocene)-reduced graphene oxide as a high power/high capacity cathodic battery material. Adv Energy Mater, 6, 1600108(2016).

    [35] N Hassanzadeh, S K Sadrnezhaad, G H Chen. Ball mill assisted synthesis of Na3MnCO3PO4 nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide for sodium ion battery cathodes. Electrochim Acta, 220, 683(2016).

    [36] Y Y Lv, L S Yu, C M Jiang et al. Synthesis of graphene nanosheet powder with layer number control via a soluble salt-assisted route. RSC Adv, 4, 13350(2014).

    [37] M I Kairi, S Dayou, N I Kairi et al. Toward high production of graphene flakes–a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability. J Mater Chem A, 6, 15010(2018).

    [38] I Y Jeon, Y R Shin, G J Sohn et al. Edge-carboxylated graphene nanosheets via ball milling. PNAS, 109, 5588(2012).

    [39] W F Zhao, M Fang, F R Wu et al. Preparation of graphene by exfoliation of graphite using wet ball milling. J Mater Chem, 20, 5817(2010).

    [40] P Dash, T Dash, T K Rout et al. Preparation of graphene oxide by dry planetary ball milling process from natural graphite. RSC Adv, 6, 12657(2016).

    [41] Caicedo F M Casallas, López E Vera, A Agarwal et al. Synthesis of graphene oxide from graphite by ball milling. Diam Relat Mater, 109, 108064(2020).

    [42] Y Y Xu, H Z Cao, Y Q Xue et al. Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene: An overview on exfoliation media, techniques, and challenges. Nanomaterials, 8, 942(2018).

    [43] A Ciesielski, P Samorì. Graphene via sonication assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Chem Soc Rev, 43, 381(2014).

    [44] X Cai, Z Jiang, X Zhang et al. Effects of tip sonication parameters on liquid phase exfoliation of graphite into graphene nanoplatelets. Nanoscale Res Lett, 13, 241(2018).

    [45] B Savun-Hekimoğlu. A review on sonochemistry and its environmental applications. Acoustics, 2, 766(2020).

    [46] Z Baig, O Mamat, M Mustapha et al. Investigation of tip sonication effects on structural quality of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) for superior solvent dispersion. Ultrason Sonochem, 45, 133(2018).

    [47] P May, U Khan, A O'Neill et al. Approaching the theoretical limit for reinforcing polymers with graphene. J Mater Chem, 22, 1278(2012).

    [48] K Krishnamoorthy, G S Kim, S J Kim. Graphene nanosheets: Ultrasound assisted synthesis and characterization. Ultrason Sonochem, 20, 644(2013).

    [49] B Gürünlü, Ç Taşdelen-Yücedağ, M Bayramoğlu. Graphene synthesis by ultrasound energy-assisted exfoliation of graphite in various solvents. Crystals, 10, 1037(2020).

    [50] P Yu, S E Lowe, G P Simon et al. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci, 20, 329(2015).

    [51] L Li, D Zhang, J P Deng et al. Review—preparation and application of graphene-based hybrid materials through electrochemical exfoliation. J Electrochem Soc, 167, 086511(2020).

    [52] T C Achee, W M Sun, J T Hope et al. High-yield scalable graphene nanosheet production from compressed graphite using electrochemical exfoliation. Sci Rep, 8, 14525(2018).

    [53] K Parvez, Z S Wu, R J Li et al. Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. J Am Chem Soc, 136, 6083(2014).

    [54] J M Munuera, J I Paredes, S Villar-Rodil et al. High quality, low-oxidized graphene via anodic exfoliation with table salt as an efficient oxidation-preventing co-electrolyte for water/oil remediation and capacitive energy storage applications. Appl Mater Today, 11, 246(2018).

    [55] S Yang, M R Lohe, K Müllen et al. New-generation graphene from electrochemical approaches: Production and applications. Adv Mater, 28, 6213(2016).

    [56] Y C Yang, F Lu, Z Zhou et al. Electrochemically cathodic exfoliation of graphene sheets in room temperature ionic liquids N-butyl, methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and their electrochemical properties. Electrochim Acta, 113, 9(2013).

    [57] M H Dalal, C Y Lee, G G Wallace. Cathodic exfoliation of graphite into graphene nanoplatelets in aqueous solution of alkali metal salts. J Mater Sci, 56, 3612(2021).

    [58] L Li, M Q Wang, J Guo et al. Regulation of radicals from electrochemical exfoliation of a double-graphite electrode to fabricate high-quality graphene. J Mater Chem C, 6, 6257(2018).

    [59] A Kouloumpis, K Spyrou, K Dimos et al. A bottom-up approach for the synthesis of highly ordered fullerene-intercalated graphene hybrids. Front Mater, 2, 10(2015).

    [60] R J Price, P I Ladislaus, G C Smith et al. A novel ‘bottom-up’synthesis of few-and multi-layer graphene platelets with partial oxidation via cavitation. Ultrasons Sonochem, 56, 466(2019).

    [61] B Gürünlü, Yücedağ Ç Taşdelen, M R Bayramoğlu. Green synthesis of graphene from graphite in molten salt medium. J Nanomater, 2020, 7029601(2020).

    [62] J M Tour. Top-down versus bottom-up fabrication of graphene-based electronics. Chem Mater, 26, 163(2014).

    [63] B Gupta, M Notarianni, N Mishra et al. Evolution of epitaxial graphene layers on 3C SiC/Si (1 1 1) as a function of annealing temperature in UHV. Carbon, 68, 563(2014).

    [64] X Z Yu, C G Hwang, C M Jozwiak et al. New synthesis method for the growth of epitaxial graphene. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom, 184, 100(2011).

    [65] D V Badami. Graphitization of α-silicon carbide. Nature, 193, 569(1962).

    [66] A J van Bommel, J E Crombeen, A V Tooren. LEED and Auger electron observations of the SiC(0001) surface. Surf Sci, 48, 463(1975).

    [67] W A de Heer, C Berger, X S Wu et al. Epitaxial graphene. Solid State Commun, 143, 92(2007).

    [68] W A de Heer, C Berger, M Ruan et al. Large area and structured epitaxial graphene produced by confinement controlled sublimation of silicon carbide. PNAS, 108, 16900(2011).

    [69] N Luxmi, R M Srivastava et al. Formation of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) using vacuum or argon environments. J Vac Sci Technol B, 28, C5C1(2010).

    [70] M A Real, E A Lass, F H Liu et al. Graphene epitaxial growth on SiC(0001) for resistance standards. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas, 62, 1454(2013).

    [71] M Zimbone, M Zielinski, C Bongiorno et al. 3C-SiC growth on inverted silicon pyramids patterned substrate. Materials, 12, 3407(2019).

    [72] N Mishra, J Boeckl, N Motta et al. Graphene growth on silicon carbide: A review. Phys Status Solidi A, 213, 2277(2016).

    [73] X H Yang, G X Zhang, J Prakash et al. Chemical vapour deposition of graphene: Layer control, the transfer process, characterisation, and related applications. Int Rev Phys Chem, 38, 149(2019).

    [74] M Saeed, Y Alshammari, S A Majeed et al. Chemical vapour deposition of graphene—synthesis, characterisation, and applications: A review. Molecules, 25, 3856(2020).

    [75] H T Liu, Y Q Liu. Controlled chemical synthesis in CVD graphene. Phys Sci Rev, 2, 104(2017).

    [76] Z Y Juang, C Y Wu, A Y Lu et al. Graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition and transfer by a roll-to-roll process. Carbon, 48, 3169(2010).

    [77] I Alstrup, I Chorkendorff, S Ullmann. The interaction of CH4 at high temperatures with clean and oxygen precovered Cu(100). Surf Sci, 264, 95(1992).

    [78] T Hesjedal. Continuous roll-to-roll growth of graphene films by chemical vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett, 98, 133106(2011).

    [79] P Zhao, A Kumamoto, S Kim et al. Self-limiting chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer graphene from ethanol. J Phys Chem C, 117, 10755(2013).

    [80] Y B Dong, S Guo, H H Mao et al. The growth of graphene on Ni–Cu alloy thin films at a low temperature and its carbon diffusion mechanism. Nanomaterials, 9, 1633(2019).

    [81] S H Al-Hilfi, B Derby, P A Martin et al. Chemical vapour deposition of graphene on copper-nickel alloys: The simulation of a thermodynamic and kinetic approach. Nanoscale, 12, 15283(2020).

    [82] P R Somani, S P Somani, M Umeno. Planer nano-graphenes from camphor by CVD. Chem Phys Lett, 430, 56(2006).

    [83] J K Lee, S Lee, Y I Kim et al. The seeded growth of graphene. Sci Rep, 4, 5682(2014).

    [84] I Vlassiouk, P Fulvio, H Meyer et al. Large scale atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of graphene. Carbon, 54, 58(2013).

    [85]

    [86] X S Li, C W Magnuson, A Venugopal et al. Large-area graphene single crystals grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of methane on copper. J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2816(2011).

    [87] Q K Yu, L A Jauregui, W Wu et al. Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nat Mater, 10, 443(2011).

    [88] Z Yan, J Lin, Z W Peng et al. Toward the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal graphene on copper foils. ACS Nano, 6, 9110(2012).

    [89] T Iwasaki, H J Park, M Konuma et al. Long-range ordered single-crystal graphene on high-quality heteroepitaxial Ni thin films grown on MgO(111). Nano Lett, 11, 79(2011).

    [90] Y Zhang, L Zhang, P Kim et al. Vapor trapping growth of single-crystalline graphene flowers: Synthesis, morphology, and electronic properties. Nano Lett, 12, 2810(2012).

    [91] D Geng, B Wu, Y Guo et al. Uniform hexagonal graphene flakes and films grown on liquid copper surface. PNAS, 109, 7992(2012).

    [92] Y A Wu, Y Fan, S Speller et al. Large single crystals of graphene on melted copper using chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano, 6, 5010(2012).

    [93] Y F Hao, M S Bharathi, L Wang et al. The role of surface oxygen in the growth of large single-crystal graphene on copper. Science, 342, 720(2013).

    [94] A W Robertson, J H Warner. Hexagonal single crystal domains of few-layer graphene on copper foils. Nano Lett, 11, 1182(2011).

    [95] S Chen, H Ji, H Chou et al. Millimeter-size single-crystal graphene by suppressing evaporative loss of Cu during low pressure chemical vapor deposition. Adv Mater, 25, 2062(2013).

    [96] E S Polsen, D Q McNerny, B Viswanath et al. High-speed roll-to-roll manufacturing of graphene using a concentric tube CVD reactor. Sci Rep, 5, 10257(2015).

    [97] B Kartick, S K Srivastava. Simple facile route for the preparation of graphite oxide and graphene. J Nanosci Nanotech, 11, 8586(2011).

    [98] T H Thi Vu, T T Thi Tran, H N Thi le et al. A new green approach for the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets using caffeine. Bull Mater Sci, 38, 667(2015).

    [99] A Esfandiar, O Akhavan, A Irajizad. Melatonin as a powerful bio-antioxidant for reduction of graphene oxide. J Mater Chem, 21, 10907(2011).

    [100] Z Khosroshahi, M Kharaziha, F Karimzadeh et al. Green reduction of graphene oxide by ascorbic acid. AIP Conf Proc, 1920, 020009(2018).

    [101] T Kuila, S Bose, P Khanra et al. A green approach for the reduction of graphene oxide by wild carrot root. Carbon, 50, 914(2012).

    [102] J H Li, S S Wang, D B Zhang et al. Amino acids functionalized graphene oxide for enhanced hydrophilicity and antifouling property of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes. Chin J Polym Sci, 34, 805(2016).

    [103] S S Shankar, A Rai, A Ahmad et al. Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interface Sci, 275, 496(2004).

    [104] G Lee, B S Kim. Biological reduction of graphene oxide using plant leaf extracts. Biotechnol Prog, 30, 463(2014).

    [105] Y Li, Y Wu. Coassembly of graphene oxide and nanowires for large-area nanowire alignment. J Am Chem Soc, 131, 5851(2009).

    [106] X Zhu, X L Xu, F Liu et al. Green synthesis of graphene nanosheets and their in vitro cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer (DU 145) cell lines. Nanomater Nanotechnol, 7, 184798041770279(201).

    [107] S D Perera, R G Mariano, N Nijem et al. Alkaline deoxygenated graphene oxide for supercapacitor applications: An effective green alternative for chemically reduced graphene. J Power Sources, 215, 1(2012).

    [108] K K H de Silva, H H Huang, M Yoshimura. Progress of reduction of graphene oxide by ascorbic acid. Appl Surf Sci, 447, 338(2018).

    [109] F Tavakoli, M Salavati-Niasari, A badiei et al. Green synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets. Mater Res Bull, 63, 51(2015).

    [110] S A Akbar, F Nanda, N Mawaddah et al. Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using lime juice reductor from citrus aurantifolia. Elkawnie, 5, 139(2019).

    [111] M K Kumawat, M Thakur, R B Gurung et al. Graphene quantum dots from mangifera indica: Application in near-infrared bioimaging and intracellular nanothermometry. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 5, 1382(2017).

    [112] R Z Wu, Y Ding, K M Yu et al. Edge-epitaxial growth of graphene on Cu with a hydrogen-free approach. Chem Mater, 31, 2555(2019).

    [113] J Dong, L Zhang, X Dai et al. The epitaxy of 2D materials growth. Nat Commun, 11, 5862(2020).

    [114]

    [115] A Moreno-Bárcenas, J F Perez-Robles, Y V Vorobiev et al. Graphene synthesis using a CVD reactor and a discontinuous feed of gas precursor at atmospheric pressure. J Nanomater, 2018, 3457263(2018).

    [116] D V Smovzh, I A Kostogrud, E V Boyko et al. Synthesis of graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its transfer to polymer. J Appl Mech Tech Phy, 61, 888(2020).

    [117] B Meka Chufa, B Abdisa Gonfa, T Yohannes Anshebo et al. A novel and simplest green synthesis method of reduced graphene oxide using methanol extracted Vernonia amygdalina: Large-scale production. Adv Condens Matter Phys, 2021, 6681710(2021).

    [118] G Bhattacharya, S Sas, S Wadhwa et al. Aloe vera assisted facile green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical and dye removal applications. RSC Adv, 7, 26680(2017).

    [119] B K Salunke, B S Kim. Facile synthesis of graphene using a biological method. RSC Adv, 6, 17158(2016).

    [120] A Pirzado, F Le Normand, T Romero et al. Few-layer graphene from mechanical exfoliation of graphite-based materials: Structure-dependent characteristics. ChemEngineering, 3, 37(2019).

    [121] B Jayasena, S N Melkote. An investigation of PDMS stamp assisted mechanical exfoliation of large area graphene. Procedia Manuf, 1, 840(2015).

    [122] W H Danial, N A Norhisham, A F Ahmad Noorden et al. A short review on electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and graphene quantum dots. Carbon Lett, 31, 371(2021).

    [123] S Ahirwar, S Mallick, D Bahadur. Electrochemical method to prepare graphene quantum dots and graphene oxide quantum dots. ACS Omega, 2, 8343(2017).

    Agbolade Lukman Olatomiwa, Tijjani Adam, Subash C. B. Gopinath, Sanusi Yekinni Kolawole, Oyeshola Hakeem Olayinka, U. Hashim. Graphene synthesis, fabrication, characterization based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: An overview[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(6): 061101
    Download Citation