Reviews|1753 Article(s)
Research Progress of Flexible Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Jinyang Wang, Jin Xia, and Huiliang Zhang
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditional rigid substrates, the flexible SERS substrates can conduct in situ and on-site real-time detection of analytes on non-planar surface. However, there are still some challenges in designing and fabricating the flexible SERS substrates with high-sensitivity and reproducibility. Therefore, we provide an overview of the recent advances in flexible SERS substrates. We discuss the fabrications, performances, applications and future prospects of five different types of the flexible SERS substrates, and provide some guidance for the research of SERS substrates. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditional rigid substrates, the flexible SERS substrates can conduct in situ and on-site real-time detection of analytes on non-planar surface. However, there are still some challenges in designing and fabricating the flexible SERS substrates with high-sensitivity and reproducibility. Therefore, we provide an overview of the recent advances in flexible SERS substrates. We discuss the fabrications, performances, applications and future prospects of five different types of the flexible SERS substrates, and provide some guidance for the research of SERS substrates.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900010 (2024)
Progress in Packaging Technology of InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode Detectors
Chenyang Zhang, Defeng Mo, Hongyan Xu, Yingjie Ma, Xue Li, and Wenxian Su
InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, line array, and small panel array devices. The impact of the temperature on the efficacy of InGaAs single-photon devices and the methodologies for controlling component temperature are discussed. Detailed comparisons and analyses of high-precision coupling methods for optical components such as microlenses, lenses, optical fibers, etc. to the semiconductor are provided. For high-frequency signal output, the lead type, wiring method, packaging structure design, and other issues are reviewed, and the development trend of the InGaAs single-photon detectors is forecasted. InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, line array, and small panel array devices. The impact of the temperature on the efficacy of InGaAs single-photon devices and the methodologies for controlling component temperature are discussed. Detailed comparisons and analyses of high-precision coupling methods for optical components such as microlenses, lenses, optical fibers, etc. to the semiconductor are provided. For high-frequency signal output, the lead type, wiring method, packaging structure design, and other issues are reviewed, and the development trend of the InGaAs single-photon detectors is forecasted.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900009 (2024)
Progress in Semiconductor Saturable Absorption Mirror Mode-Locked Laser
Ting Huang, Nan Lin, Qiuyue Zhang, Tianjiang He, Cong Xiong, Li Zhong, Suping Liu, and Xiaoyu Ma
Semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This study introduces the mode-locking principle and current development status of SESAM and summarizes the current epitaxial structure, growth mode, and parameter performance of SESAM. It also provides a detailed description of its latest progress in mode-locking in solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. Moreover, the performance characteristics and future-development direction of various types of mode-locked lasers are presented. Semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This study introduces the mode-locking principle and current development status of SESAM and summarizes the current epitaxial structure, growth mode, and parameter performance of SESAM. It also provides a detailed description of its latest progress in mode-locking in solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. Moreover, the performance characteristics and future-development direction of various types of mode-locked lasers are presented.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900008 (2024)
Summary of Research on Polarization Transmission in Three Atypical Environments
Xindong Sun, Fengxun Meng, Wensen Xun, Dong Wang, Xueye Chen, and Xiangwei Zeng
The existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For instance, low-visibility environments, such as fog, haze, and clouds, can reduce the safety of aircraft, cars, and ships, making it difficult to search and navigate in turbid waters. However, using polarization characteristics to characterize the transmission process in these atypical environments can provide feasible solution for extracting high-quality light signals and increasing operational distances. In this study, we explore the polarization transmission characteristics in three situations: irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media. We analyze the domestic and international development of various nonspherical particles, present relevant data from the equivalent multilayer concentric particle model, and explain the effectiveness of addressing issues such as haze-scattering characteristics. Furthermore, we conduct a classification study on nonuniform media and analyze the impact of the medium on light transmission. By summarizing the development progress and current research status regarding scattering polarization characteristics of polarized light in the three atypical environments, we aim to clarify the importance of studying polarization transmission characteristics in such settings. Finally, we look forward to the development trend of polarization transmission problems in the three atypical environments. The existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For instance, low-visibility environments, such as fog, haze, and clouds, can reduce the safety of aircraft, cars, and ships, making it difficult to search and navigate in turbid waters. However, using polarization characteristics to characterize the transmission process in these atypical environments can provide feasible solution for extracting high-quality light signals and increasing operational distances. In this study, we explore the polarization transmission characteristics in three situations: irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media. We analyze the domestic and international development of various nonspherical particles, present relevant data from the equivalent multilayer concentric particle model, and explain the effectiveness of addressing issues such as haze-scattering characteristics. Furthermore, we conduct a classification study on nonuniform media and analyze the impact of the medium on light transmission. By summarizing the development progress and current research status regarding scattering polarization characteristics of polarized light in the three atypical environments, we aim to clarify the importance of studying polarization transmission characteristics in such settings. Finally, we look forward to the development trend of polarization transmission problems in the three atypical environments.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900007 (2024)
Development and Analysis of Advanced Laser Imaging Radar Technology with Different Systems
Xingyu Yang, Zhonghua Wang, Xixi Wang, Tianya Wang, Alang Liu, Yanduo Zhao, and Dan Chen
Laser imaging radar integrates laser and radar technology, serving as an active photoelectric imaging tool. It boasts high detection accuracy, rich image information, and robust anti-interference capabilities, making it promising in scientific and commercial sectors. As its demand increases, diverse advanced laser imaging radar systems have emerged. This paper outlines the operating principle of this advanced imaging technology, classifies the radar systems, discusses key performances across different classifications globally, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various systems, and concludes with future trends in the technology. This offers insights into the evolution of advanced laser imaging radar technology. Laser imaging radar integrates laser and radar technology, serving as an active photoelectric imaging tool. It boasts high detection accuracy, rich image information, and robust anti-interference capabilities, making it promising in scientific and commercial sectors. As its demand increases, diverse advanced laser imaging radar systems have emerged. This paper outlines the operating principle of this advanced imaging technology, classifies the radar systems, discusses key performances across different classifications globally, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various systems, and concludes with future trends in the technology. This offers insights into the evolution of advanced laser imaging radar technology.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Apr. 25, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 8, 0800004 (2024)
Progress in Research on Tobacco Online Inspection Technology Based on Machine Vision
Yusheng Wu, Anhu Li, Yaming Wan, and Tianchen Meng
The expansion of high-end products in the tobacco industry and the increasing demand for product quality from consumers have created significant challenges for online tobacco testing technology. In response to problems such as the difficult removal of foreign objects from tobacco production affecting cigarette taste, various complex diseases from tobacco leaves, and difficulty in identifying cigarette packaging defects, traditional manual online detection methods are inefficient and it is difficult to ensure accuracy, which cannot adapt to the high-quality development of China's tobacco industry. From the perspective of elucidating the principle of tobacco online detection based on machine vision, this study systematically elaborates on the research status and latest progress of tobacco online detection technology based on two key aspects: the visual detection principle and deep learning models. Combined with current typical applications, this study analyzes the advantages and limitations of different visual models and deep learning detection methods, and further explores the development trend and prospects of tobacco online detection technology based on machine vision. The expansion of high-end products in the tobacco industry and the increasing demand for product quality from consumers have created significant challenges for online tobacco testing technology. In response to problems such as the difficult removal of foreign objects from tobacco production affecting cigarette taste, various complex diseases from tobacco leaves, and difficulty in identifying cigarette packaging defects, traditional manual online detection methods are inefficient and it is difficult to ensure accuracy, which cannot adapt to the high-quality development of China's tobacco industry. From the perspective of elucidating the principle of tobacco online detection based on machine vision, this study systematically elaborates on the research status and latest progress of tobacco online detection technology based on two key aspects: the visual detection principle and deep learning models. Combined with current typical applications, this study analyzes the advantages and limitations of different visual models and deep learning detection methods, and further explores the development trend and prospects of tobacco online detection technology based on machine vision.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Apr. 25, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 8, 0800003 (2024)
Application Progress of Deep Learning in the Classification of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodule
Wenkai Zhang, Xiaoyan Wang, Jing Liu, Qixiang Zhou, and Xin He
Thyroid nodule is one of the most common clinical nodular lesions in adults, and its incidence rate is always high. Thyroid nodule can be classified into benign and malignant, and the latter is thyroid cancer, which can cause difficulties in breathing and swallowing, and even endanger the life of patients. Therefore, the identification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule is the primary problem in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodule. Deep learning can automatically extract nodule features and complete the preliminary classification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. With the continuous improvement of classification accuracy of deep learning, it has become an important means of auxiliary diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. To better study the classification and auxiliary diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodule, we introduce the commonly used indicators for the evaluation of nodule classification performance, and classify them according to the convolutional neural network, Transformer, deep neural network, generative adversarial network, transfer learning, ensemble learning, and computer-aided diagnosis system based on deep learning, and elaborate their application in the classification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. We conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis, summarize the existing problems in the current research, and provide prospects for future research directions. Thyroid nodule is one of the most common clinical nodular lesions in adults, and its incidence rate is always high. Thyroid nodule can be classified into benign and malignant, and the latter is thyroid cancer, which can cause difficulties in breathing and swallowing, and even endanger the life of patients. Therefore, the identification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule is the primary problem in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodule. Deep learning can automatically extract nodule features and complete the preliminary classification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. With the continuous improvement of classification accuracy of deep learning, it has become an important means of auxiliary diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. To better study the classification and auxiliary diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodule, we introduce the commonly used indicators for the evaluation of nodule classification performance, and classify them according to the convolutional neural network, Transformer, deep neural network, generative adversarial network, transfer learning, ensemble learning, and computer-aided diagnosis system based on deep learning, and elaborate their application in the classification of benign and malignant thyroid nodule. We conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis, summarize the existing problems in the current research, and provide prospects for future research directions.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Apr. 25, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 8, 0800002 (2024)
Diffuse Optical Imaging Technologies and Applications (Invited)
Bowen Song, and Yanyu Zhao
Diffuse optical imaging is widely used in biomedical research and clinics. Compared with other medical imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound imaging, diffuse optical imaging uses diffused light absorbed and scattered by tissues for imaging. This approach is non-invasive and label-free, has a wide field, and quantitatively measures the concentrations of various components such as oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, blood oxygen, water, lipids, and melanin. Furthermore, it collects and assesses tissue functional information. Diffuse optical imaging is advantageous in terms of safety, specificity, and system cost. This article introduces the basic principles of diffuse optical imaging, including the interaction between light and tissue and light propagation models, and summarizes the relevant methods and applications of diffuse optical imaging, including pulse oximetry, diffuse optical spectroscopy, diffuse optical tomography, fluorescence molecular tomography, and spatial frequency domain imaging. Moreover, the prospects for the future development of diffuse optical imaging are presented. Diffuse optical imaging is widely used in biomedical research and clinics. Compared with other medical imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound imaging, diffuse optical imaging uses diffused light absorbed and scattered by tissues for imaging. This approach is non-invasive and label-free, has a wide field, and quantitatively measures the concentrations of various components such as oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, blood oxygen, water, lipids, and melanin. Furthermore, it collects and assesses tissue functional information. Diffuse optical imaging is advantageous in terms of safety, specificity, and system cost. This article introduces the basic principles of diffuse optical imaging, including the interaction between light and tissue and light propagation models, and summarizes the relevant methods and applications of diffuse optical imaging, including pulse oximetry, diffuse optical spectroscopy, diffuse optical tomography, fluorescence molecular tomography, and spatial frequency domain imaging. Moreover, the prospects for the future development of diffuse optical imaging are presented.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Apr. 25, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 8, 0800001 (2024)
[in Chinese]
Xu Liu, Baoli Yao, Yujie Sun, and Cuifang Kuang
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Mar. 25, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 6, 0600001 (2024)
Advances in the Remote Laser Speech Signal Detection Technology
Xiaobo Rui, Xinyue Kong, Leixia Li, Zhou Wu, Yongbiao Wang, Yahui Wang, Lixin Xu, Yu Zhang, and Wenxi Zhang
Usually, lasers can be used for speech signal detection in non-contact and long-distance scenarios. Consequently, the remote laser speech detection technology has broad application prospects in laser interception, multi-mode monitoring, intrusion detection, search and rescue operations, laser microphones, and other fields. In this paper, we review research advances in the remote laser speech signal detection technology from the perspectives of remote laser vibration detection systems and detected signal analysis and processing methods; moreover, we expound the future development prospects of this technology. Usually, lasers can be used for speech signal detection in non-contact and long-distance scenarios. Consequently, the remote laser speech detection technology has broad application prospects in laser interception, multi-mode monitoring, intrusion detection, search and rescue operations, laser microphones, and other fields. In this paper, we review research advances in the remote laser speech signal detection technology from the perspectives of remote laser vibration detection systems and detected signal analysis and processing methods; moreover, we expound the future development prospects of this technology.
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: Mar. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 5, 0500007 (2024)
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