Fig. 1. (a), (b) Before and after correcting system aberrations; (c) Spot patterns formed by the SHWS from the descanned guidestar signal for inferring sample aberration; (d) Reconstructed wavefront that applied to the DM^[18]

Fig. 2. Principle and implementations of interfero- -metric focus sensing. (a) Focus sensing methods use a stationary and a scanning beam to measure the EPSF. The calculated correction pattern is used to optimize one of the beams, which iteratively improves the measurement; (b)-(d) Different implementations of interferometric focus sensing^[22]

Fig. 3. Training architecture of weights-sharing two-stream CNN framework

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic of AO-PALM system based on WFS; (b) An AO-SMLM system without WFS feedback based on image sharpness metrics

Fig. 5. (a) Simplified layout of the experimental setup composed of the CLASS microscope (yellow box) and SMLM (cyan box); (b) Aberration correction map; (c) Single-frame raw images of single-molecule PSFs recorded without AO; (d) Single-frame raw images of single-molecule PSFs recorded with AO^[55]

Fig. 6. (a), (b) AO-2P ISIM imaging of cultured cells in gel without AO and with AO, respectively (The cells is located 150 μm below the coverslip surface)^[60]

Fig. 7. (a), (b) Images of dendrites at a depth of 25 μm in a cortical slice of mouse without AO; (c), (d) Images of dendrites at a depth of 25 μm in a cortical slice of mouse with AO^[61]

Fig. 8. (a), (c) Microtubule SIM reconstruction images with and without image quality-based AO correction under widefield illumination; (b), (d) Reconstructed images of microtubules under custom illumination patterns, with and without Isosense AO correction, respectively^[64]

Fig. 9. (a), (b) Reconstructed SIM images of actin in a human fibroblast cell with TACO and without TACO, respectively

Fig. 10. (a) Schematic of AO-STED system using two SLMs for aberration correction^[67]; (b) Schematic of AO-STED system using DM and SLM for aberration correction^[69]

Fig. 11. Schematic of AO-isoSTED microscopy with 4Pi configuration^[70]