1. SEM images of WO₃ nanoflower precursor (a) and W-350 (b); XRD patterns of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures (c); (002), (020), and (200) crystal plane diffraction peak positions (d), diffraction peak integrated area ratios (e) and grain sizes (f) obtained by Rietveld refinement varied as functions of heat treatment temperature

2. Raman spectra (a) and UV-Vis-IR absorption spectra (b) of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures

3. Photocurrent response curves (a), photocurrent response peak values (b) and IPCE plots (c) of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures; Mott-Schottky curve of W-350 (d) Colourful version is available on offical website

4. SEM image of W-350-30C (a); XRD patterns of W-350 and W-350-30C(b); TEM images of W-350-30C (c) and W-350-30C (d)

5. XPS spectrum of sample W-350-30C (a); XPS high-resolution spectra of W4f (b), O1s (c), Cd3d (d) and S2p (e) for sample W- 350-30C; UV-Vis-IR absorption spectra (f) and photos (g) of γ-WO₃ nanoflowers with different amounts of CdS/α-S modified on the surface Colourful version is available on offical website

6. Photocurrent response curves(a), photocurrent response peak values(b), and IPCE plots(c) of γ-WO₃ nanoflowers modified with different amounts of CdS/α-S on the surface; EIS plots of W-350 and W-350-30C(d) Colourful version is available on offical website

7. Schematic diagram of charge carriers transfer in γ-WO₃ nanoflowers with CdS/α-S modified on the surface

S1. SEM images of precursor (a), W-310 (b), W-330 (c), W-370 (d), W-390 (e), W-410 (f), W-430 (g), and W-450 (h).

S2. Rietveld refinement results of XRD data from W-310 (a), W-330 (b), W-350 (c), W-370 (d), W-390 (e), W-410 (f), W-430 (g), W-450 (h)

S3. Tauc plots of W-310 (a), W-330 (b), W-350 (c), W-370 (d), W-390 (e), W-410 (f), W-430 (g), W-450 (h) and the band gaps E_g obtained from the intersection of the absorption edge intercept line

S4. Raman spectra of WO₃ precursor and representative heat-treated samples (a) and the WO₃ sample heat-treated above 350 ℃ (b)

S5. FT-IR spectra of WO₃ precursor and heat-treated samples

S6. EDX results of W-350-10C

S7. UV-Vis spectra of methylene blue solution after absorbed by W-350 in the dark and UV irradiation for different time (a); Variation of methylene blue degradation rate with different time (b)

Table 1. Rietveld refinement results of XRD data of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures