Sensing and lasing applications of whispering gallery mode microresonators

Yu Zheng; Zhifang Wu; Perry Ping Shum; Zhilin Xu; Gerd Keiser; Georges Humbert; Hailiang Zhang; Shuwen Zeng; Xuan Quyen Dinh

doi:10.29026/oea.2018.180015

Journals >Opto-Electronic Advances >Volume 1 >Issue 9 >Page 180015 > Article

Opto-Electronic Advances
Vol. 1, Issue 9, 180015 (2018)

Sensing and lasing applications of whispering gallery mode microresonators

Yu Zheng^1、2, Zhifang Wu^2、3、*, Perry Ping Shum^1、2, Zhilin Xu⁴, Gerd Keiser⁵, Georges Humbert⁶, Hailiang Zhang^1、2, Shuwen Zeng⁶, and Xuan Quyen Dinh^2、7

Author Affiliations

¹COFT, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore

²CINTRA, CNRS/NTU/Thales Research Alliance, Singapore 637553, Singapore

³Fujian Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation, College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China

⁴Center for Gravitational Experiments, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

⁵Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston 02215, USA

⁶XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, Limoges 87060, France

⁷R&T, Thales Solutions Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore 498755, Singapore

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DOI: 10.29026/oea.2018.180015 Cite this Article

Yu Zheng, Zhifang Wu, Perry Ping Shum, Zhilin Xu, Gerd Keiser, Georges Humbert, Hailiang Zhang, Shuwen Zeng, Xuan Quyen Dinh. Sensing and lasing applications of whispering gallery mode microresonators[J]. Opto-Electronic Advances, 2018, 1(9): 180015 Copy Citation Text

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Abstract

Optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators have attracted great attention due to their remarkable properties such as extremely high quality factor, small mode volume, tight confinement of modes, and strong evanescent field. All these properties of WGM microresonators have ensured their great potentials for applications, such as physical sensors, bio/chemical sensors and microlasers. In this mini-review, the key parameters and coupling conditions of WGM microresonators are firstly introduced. The geometries of WGM optical microcavities are presented based on their fabrication methods. This is followed by the discussion on the state-of-the-art applications of WGM microresonators in sensors and microlasers.

Keywords

microcavities microlasers sensors WGM microresonators

$ m\lambda = 2{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}R{n_{{\rm{eff}}}}, $

(1)

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$ \begin{array}{l} {\lambda ^{ - 1}}(R, {n_1}, {n_{\rm{r}}}, r, m) = \\ \;\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{{2{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}R{n_1}}}\left[{m + \frac{1}{2} + {2^{-\frac{1}{3}}}\eta (r){{\left( {m + \frac{1}{2}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}}-} \right.\\ \;\;\;\;\;\;\frac{L}{{{{(n_{\rm{r}}^{\rm{2}}-1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}} + \frac{3}{{10}} \cdot {2^{\frac{2}{3}}} \cdot {\eta ^2}(r){\left( {m + \frac{1}{2}} \right)^{ - \frac{1}{3}}} - \\ \left. {\;\;\;\;\;{2^{ - \frac{1}{3}}}\left( {n_{\rm{r}}^{\rm{2}} - \frac{2}{3}{L^2}} \right)\frac{{\eta (r){{\left( {m + \frac{1}{2}} \right)}^{ - \frac{2}{3}}}}}{{{{(n_r^{\rm{2}} - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}}} \right], \end{array} $

(2)

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$ {Q_0} = \omega \frac{{{E_{{\rm{stored}}}}}}{{{P_{{\rm{diss}}}}}} = \omega \tau = \frac{\omega }{{\Delta \omega }}, $

(3)

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$ Q_0^{ - 1} = Q_{{\rm{mat}}}^{ - {\rm{1}}} + Q_{{\rm{rad}}}^{ - {\rm{1}}} + Q_{{\rm{sca}}}^{ - {\rm{1}}} + Q_{{\rm{cont}}}^{ - {\rm{1}}}, $

(4)

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$ {Q_{{\rm{mat}}}} = \frac{{2{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}n}}{{\alpha \lambda }}, $

(5)

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$ {Q_{{\rm{rad}}}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {m + \frac{1}{2}} \right){n^{(2p - 1)}}{({n^2} - 1)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{\rm{e}}^{2{T_{r, m}}}}, $

(6)

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$ \begin{array}{l} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{T_{r, m}} = \left( {m + \frac{1}{2}} \right)({\beta _{r, m}} - \tanh {\beta _{r, m}}), \\ {\beta _{r, m}} = {\cosh ^{ - 1}}\left\{ {n{{\left[{1-\left( {\frac{1}{{m + \frac{1}{2}}}} \right)\left( {{A_{\rm{r}}}{{\left( {\frac{{2m + 1}}{4}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}} + \frac{{{n^{1-2p}}}}{{{{({n^2}-1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}}} \right)} \right]}^{ - 1}}} \right\}, \end{array} $

(7)

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