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Journals >Journal of Inorganic Materials >Volume 36 >Issue 7 >Page 766 > Article

Journal of Inorganic Materials
Vol. 36, Issue 7, 766 (2021)

Tuning Nitrogen Species and Content in Carbon Materials through Constructing Variable Structures for Supercapacitors

Peng SUN^1、2, Shaoning ZHANG^1、3, Hui BI¹, Wujie DONG¹, and Fuqiang HUANG^{1、3、4、*}

Author Affiliations

¹1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China

²2. Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³3. School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China

⁴4. State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

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DOI: 10.15541/jim20200498 Cite this Article

Peng SUN, Shaoning ZHANG, Hui BI, Wujie DONG, Fuqiang HUANG. Tuning Nitrogen Species and Content in Carbon Materials through Constructing Variable Structures for Supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(7): 766 Copy Citation Text

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Schematic processing route from precursors to variable-structure carbon materials

1. Schematic processing route from precursors to variable-structure carbon materials

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(a-d) SEM and (e-h) HRTEM images of (a, e) NC, (b, f) SiO-NC, (c, g) AlO-NC and (d, h) SiAlO-NC, and (i-l) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mappings of SiAlO-NC

2. (a-d) SEM and (e-h) HRTEM images of (a, e) NC, (b, f) SiO-NC, (c, g) AlO-NC and (d, h) SiAlO-NC, and (i-l) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mappings of SiAlO-NC

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3. (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and (b) pore size distributions of NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC, SiAlO-NC (after removing templates), N1s XPS spectra of (c) NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC, SiAlO-NC (after removing templates) and (d) SiO-NC, AlO-NC, SiAlO-NC (without removing templates)

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4. (a) CV curves at 10 mV·s^-1 and (b) galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) curves of NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC, SiAlO-NC at 1 A·g^-1 in three-electrode configuration; (c) CV curve of symmetric cell with SiAlO-NC, and (d) Ragone plots for SiAlO-NC and other nitrogen-carbon materials

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S1. (a) Raman spectra and (b) XRD patterns of NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC and SiAlO-NC

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S2. C1s XPS spectrum of SiAlO-NC

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S3. N1s XPS spectra of NC and SiAlO-NC at (a) 900 and (b) 1100 ℃

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S4. (a) CV curve at 100 mV·s^-1 and (b) GCD curve at 120 A·g^-1 of SiAlO-NC in three-electrode configuration

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S5. Specific capacitances calculated from GCD curves vs. current density for NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC and SiAlO-NC

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S6. Histograms of specific capacitance for SiAlO-NC at 1 A·g^-1vs. the heating temperature

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S7. Cycling performance of SiAlO-NC electrode measured in three-electrode configuration

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S8. CV curve of SiAlO-NC electrode measured in symmetric electrochemical cell at 100 mV·s^-1

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S9. GCD curves of SiAlO-NC electrode measured in symmetric electrochemical cells at (a) different current densities and (b) 40 A·g^-1

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S10. Nyquist plots over 0.01 to 10⁵ Hz of NC, SiO-NC, AlO-NC and SiAlO-NC based on the fittings using equivalent Randles circuit model(inset) in three-electrode configuration

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S11. Electrochemical performance of the SiAlO-NC sample(a) Capacitance versus discharge time, t^1/2. Hollow symbols: CC test data, solid symbols: CV test data from 2 to 100 mV·s^-1; Extrapolation of capacitance to t=0 gives a rate-independent capacitance; Instantaneous current of the SiAlO-NC sample at (b) 2 and (c) 50 mV·s^-1, giving the shaded loop is the capacitive capacitance, and the region outside is the pseudocapacitance; (d) Fraction of capacitive capacitance C_c in total capacitance C_t

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Sample	N/at%	N-6/at%	N-5/at%	N-Q/at%	Sample	N/at%	N-6/at%	N-5/at%	N-Q/at%
NC (900 ℃)	2.81	1.54	0.82	0.45	NC (1100 ℃)	0.61	0.03	0.32	0.26
SiAlO-NC (900 ℃)	8.27	3.65	3.00	1.62	SiAlO-NC (1100 ℃)	4.33	1.61	1.27	1.45

Table 1.

Characteristic summary of NC and SiAlO-NC

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Sample	SSA/(m²·g^-1)	Pores volume /(cm³·g^-1)	N/at%	N-6/at%	N-5/at%
NC	440.78	0.07	1.42	0.21	0.03
SiO-NC	520.78	0.19	1.66	0.14	0.44
AlO-NC	980.35	0.68	3.52	0.78	1.75
SiAlO-NC	703.20	1.78	5.29	1.17	2.53

Table 1.

BET and elemental parameters of samples

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Carbon material	Specific capacitance/(F·g^-1)	Rate capability/(F·g^-1)	Cycling performance	Ref.
N-doped porous carbon	327 at 1 A·g^-1	200 at 20 A·g^-1	10000 cycles@100%	[2]
N/S co-doped porous carbon	272 at 1 A·g^-1	172 at 100 A·g^-1	5000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@97.1%	[3]
N/O co-doped carbon	242 at 0.5 A·g^-1	132 at 20 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@97%	[4]
Graphene/N-rich carbon	229 at 1 A·g^-1	196 at 10 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 2 A·g^-1@99.5%	[5]
N-doped carbon foam	280 at 1 A·g^-1	185 at 40 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@96.3%	[6]
N-doped tubular carbon	204 at 0.1 A·g^-1	173 at 10 A·g^-1	50000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@91.5%	[7]
N-doped carbon microtube	309 at 1 A·g^-1	220 at 10 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 1 A·g^-1@94%	[8]
N-doped porous carbon	292 at 1 A·g^-1	200 at 20 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 1 A·g^-1@86%	[9]
N-doped carbon nanorod	271 at 0.5 A·g^-1	175 at 20 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@97%	[10]
3D porous carbon	261 at 0.5 A·g^-1	200 at 10 A·g^-1	5000 cycles at 1 A·g^-1@96%	[11]
N-doped porous carbon	250 at 1.0 A·g^-1	160 at 10 A·g^-1	3000 cycles at 1 A·g^-1@97.3%	[12]
N-doped carbon spheres	301 at 0.2 A·g^-1	210 at 5 A·g^-1	5000 cycles at 5 A·g^-1@100%	[13]
N-doped porous carbon	252 at 1.0 A·g^-1	189 at 15 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 15 A·g^-1@94%	[14]
N-doped porous carbon	334 at 1.0 A·g^-1	215 at 20 A·g^-1	10000 cycles at 20 mV·s^-1@95.2%	[15]
3D graphene-like carbon	252 at 1.0 A·g^-1	168 at 50 A·g^-1	5000 cycles at 50 mV·s^-1@98%	[16]
SiAlO-NC	302 at 1 A·g^-1	218 at 20 A·g^-1	20000 cycles at 20 mV·s^-1@92%	This work
SiAlO-NC	302 at 1 A·g^-1	177 at 120 A·g^-1	20000 cycles at 20 mV·s^-1@92%	This work

Table 2.

Comparison of the specific capacitances, rate capabilities and cycling performances for previously reported N-doped porous carbon materials

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References (23)

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Peng SUN, Shaoning ZHANG, Hui BI, Wujie DONG, Fuqiang HUANG. Tuning Nitrogen Species and Content in Carbon Materials through Constructing Variable Structures for Supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(7): 766

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