According to the characteristics of the bionic curved compound eye with many sub-eyes and multi-channel imaging， the method of multi-camera bionic curved compound eye calibration and target positioning is carried out. Combining the method of triangulation and camera coordinate system mapping under non-parallel binocular perspective， a method of bionic curved surface compound eye target positioning method is proposed. According to the requirement of compound eye positioning to have a large overlapping field of view between sub-eyes， a 17-eye bionic curved compound eye with a total field of view over 180° is designed with Unity3D simulation software， and a physical prototype is prepared. Through the ZHANG Zhengyou calibration method， the single target calibration of 17 sub-eyes in the compound eye system and the calibration between 38 pairs of adjacent sub-eyes are completed. On this basis， based on the large overlapping field of view between adjacent sub-eyes of the compound eye， the external parameter calibration method of non-adjacent sub-eyes is proposed to realize the unification of the compound eye coordinate system. Through the establishment of an experimental platform， combined with the ORB feature matching method optimized by RANSAC， a compound-eye prototype is used to perform three-dimensional positioning experiments on the unmanned aerial vehicle models at different positions， and then the error analysis of the positioning results is carried out. The experiments prove that the proposed compound eye calibration and target positioning method is applied to the prototype， which can achieve high precision and large field of view target positioning.