Nonlinear Raman–Nath diffraction (NRND) offers an effective way to realize multiple noncollinear parametric processes based on the partially satisfied transverse phase-matching conditions in quadratic nonlinear media. Here, the realization of ultrabroadband NRND (UB-NRND) driven by a high-peak-power ultrashort femtosecond pump laser in two types of nonlinear crystals is reported: periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and chirped PPLN (CPPLN). Multi-order ultrabroadband Raman–Nath second-harmonic (SH) signal outputs along fixed diffraction angles are simultaneously observed. This distinguished transversely phase-matched supercontinuum phenomenon is attributed to the synergic action of natural broad bandwidth of an ultrashort femtosecond pump laser and the third-order nonlinear effect induced spectral broadening, in combination with the principal ultrabroadband noncollinear second-harmonic generation processes. The NRND process with multiple quasi-phase matching (QPM) interactions from CPPLN leads to the SH output covering a wide range of wavelengths between 389 and 997 nm and exhibiting an energy conversion efficiency several orders of magnitude higher than previous studies. This UB-NRND scheme would bring better techniques and tools for applications ranging from ultrashort pulse characterization and nondestructive identification of domain structures to accurate parameter monitoring of second- and third-order nonlinear susceptibilities within solid-state nonlinear microstructured materials.