Fig. 1. Schematic of print parameters and tensile sample. (a) Schematic of laser scanning direction; (b) schematic of building orientations; (c) schematic of three-dimensional size

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional finite element model of temperature field

Fig. 3. Influence of processing parameters on densification of formed materials. (a) Porosity of different samples; (b) temperature curves at different scanning speeds

Fig. 4. Temperature distribution curves along Y-axis and Z-axis at different scanning speeds and optical micrographs of samples when v=700 mm/s. (a) Temperature distribution along Y-axis; (b) optical micrograph of XY-plane; (c) temperature distribution along Z-axis; (d) optical micrograph of YZ-plane

Fig. 5. FE-SEM images showing characteristic microstructures of SLM when v=700 mm/s. (a) SEM of longitudinal section (YZ-plane); (b) temperature cloud picture of cross section; (c) schematic of longitudinal section; (d) temperature distribution along the line OA, OB, and OC; (e) curves of temperature and cooling rate changed with time at P₂

Fig. 6. Temperature gradient along different directions when the laser is running to points P₁,P₂, and P₃. (a) X-direction; (b) Z-direction

Fig. 7. Inverse pole figures with respect to Z (build direction) and X (scanning direction) and corresponding pole figures. (a)(b) XY plane; (c)(d) YZ plane

Fig. 8. Grain size distribution in XY-plane and YZ-plane

Fig. 9. Kernel average misorientation in different planes. (a) XY-plane; (b) YZ-plane

Fig. 10. Orientation difference distribution at grain boundary in different planes. (a) XY-plane; (b) YZ-plane

Fig. 11. Tensile properties of the 316L stainless steel samples manufactured by SLM. (a) Stress-strain curves; (b) tensile properties of vertical and horizontal directions

Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L powder

Table 2. Parameters in the finite element analysis

Table 3. Length (L), width (W), and depth (H) of molten pool at different scanning speeds

Table 4. Tensile properties at room temperature of 316L fabricated by SLM