Fig. 1. Phase and emission properties of BaSi₂O₅∶Eu²⁺,Nd³⁺,Yb³⁺ and NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ samples. (a) X-ray diffraction pattern; (b) photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation, absorption, and photo-stimulated luminescence spectra of BaSi₂O₅∶Eu²⁺,Nd³⁺,Yb³⁺; (c) up-conversion spectra of NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ with 808 nm shortwave passing filter; (d) up-conversion spectra of NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ without 808 nm shortwave passing filter

Fig. 2. Trap filling properties of BaSi₂O₅∶Eu²⁺,Nd³⁺,Yb³⁺ under thermal‑assisted excitation. (a) Thermal‑assisted TL curves under low-power 365 nm excitation; (b) thermal‑assisted TL curves under low-power 450 nm excitation (inset: TL curve excited at room temperature at 254 nm, 6 W mercury lamp, and the comparison proves that BaSi₂O₅∶Eu²⁺,Nd³⁺,Yb³⁺ is still a shortwave ultraviolet activated PSL material)

Fig. 3. Optical storage properties of composite systems excited by 980 nm laser. (a) TL curves of composite powder after 980 nm laser excitation with variable powers; (b) up-conversion spectra of composite silicone film excited by 980 nm laser with variable powers; (c) TL curves of composite powder after 980 nm laser with same power at different ambient temperatures; (d) thermal‑assisted TL curves of composite powders after high-power 450 nm LED excitation

Fig. 4. Experimental demonstration of intensity multiplexing optical storage based on composite silicone film. (a) Operation diagram; (b) signal photos of intensity multiplexing; (c) signal photos of continuous heat release

Table 1. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different optical storage modes based on PSL materials