Low-cost photoacoustic imaging systems based on laser diode and light-emitting diode excitation

Qingkai Yao; Yu Ding; Guodong Liu; Lvming Zeng

doi:10.1142/s1793545817300038

[1] A. G. Bell, “On the production and reproduction of sound by light,” Am. J. Sci. 3 (20), 305–324 (1880).

[2] G. Lu, B. Fei, “Medical hyperspectral imaging: A review,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19 (1), 010901 (2014).

[3] Y. Wu, Z. Tang, Y. Chi, L. Wu, “A simultaneous multi-probe detection label-free optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy technique based on microcavity transducer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6 (03), 1350027 (2013). Abstract,

[4] A. R. Kherlopian, T. Song, Q. Duan, M. A. Neimark, M. J. Po, J. K. Gohagan, A. F. Laine, “A review of imaging techniques for systems biology,” BMC Syst. Biol. 2 (1), 175–197 (2008).

[5] M. Xu, L. V. Wang, “Time-domain reconstruction for thermoacoustic tomography in a spherical geometry,” IEEE. Trans. Med. Imaging 21 (7), 814–822 (2002).

[6] L. V. Wang, L. Gao, “Photoacoustic microscopy and computed tomography: From bench to bedside,” Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 16 (16), 155–185 (2013).

[7] L. V. Wang, S. Hu, “Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs,” Science 335 (6075), 1458–1462 (2012).

[8] P. K. Upputuri, M. Pramanik, “Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: A review,” J. Biomed. Opt. 22 (4), 041006 (2017).

[9] X. Cai, Y. S. Zhang, Y. Xia, L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic microscopy in tissue engineering,” Mater. Today 16 (3), 67–77 (2013).

[10] P. Beard, “Biomedical photoacoustic imaging,” Interf. Focus 1 (4), 602 (2011).

[11] S. Mallidi, G. P. Luke, S. Emelianov, “Photoacoustic imaging in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment guidance,” Trends Biotechnol. 16 (7), 213–221 (2011).

[12] V. Ntziachristos, “Going deeper than microscopy: The optical imaging frontier in biology,” Nat. Med. 7 (8), 603–614 (2010).

[13] C. Kim, C. Favazza, L. V. Wang, “ In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: High-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths,” Chem. Rev. 110 (5), 2756–2782 (2010).

[14] L. Leggio, D. C. Gallego, S. B. Gawali, M. Sánchez, S. Rodriguez, M. Osiński, J. Sacher, G. Carpintero, H. Lamela, “ System analysis of wavelength beam combining of high-power diode lasers for photoacoustic endoscopy,” Proc. SPIE 9888, 988807 (2016).

[15] A. Hariri, A. Fatima, N. Mohammadian, N. Bely, M. Nasiriavanaki, “ Towards low cost photoacoustic spectroscopy system for evaluation of skin health,” Proc. SPIE 9976, 99760X (2016).

[16] M. Erfanzadeh, Q. Zhu, “ Low-cost laser scanning photoacoustic microscopy system with a pulsed laser diode excitation source,” Proc. SPIE 10064, 10064R (2017).

[17] P. K. Upputuri, S. K. Kalva, M. Moothanchery, M. Pramanik, “ Pulsed laser diode photoacoustic tomography (PLD-PAT) system for fast in vivo imaging of small animal brain,” Proc. SPIE 10064, 100645O (2017).

[18] T. T. Wong, Y. Zhou, A. Garcia-Uribe, L. Li, K. Maslov, L. Li, L. V. Wang, “ Use of a single xenon flash lamp for photoacoustic computed tomography of multiple-centimeter-thick biological tissue ex vivo and a whole mouse body in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 22 (4), 041003 (2017).

[19] G. Langer, A. Langer, B. Buchegger, J. Jacak, T. A. Klar, T. Berer, “ Frequency domain optical resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy using a modulated laser diode,” Proc. SPIE 10064, 1006426 (2017).

[20] R. Li, P. Wang, L. Lan, P. L. Frank, C. J. Goergen, S. Chen, J. Cheng, “ Assessing breast tumor margin by multispectral photoacoustic tomography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6 (4), 1273–1281 (2015).

[21] P. K. Upputuri, M. Pramanik, “ Performance characterization of low-cost, high-speed, portable pulsed laser diode photoacoustic tomography (PLD-PAT) system,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6 (10), 4118–4129 (2015).

[22] X. Yang, A. Maurudis, J. Gamelin, A. Aguirre, Q. Zhu, L. V. Wang, “ Photoacoustic tomography of small animal brain with a curved array transducer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (5), 054007 (2009).

[23] X. Yang, L. V. Wang, “ Monkey brain cortex imaging by photoacoustic tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13 (4), 044009 (2008).

[24] M. Pramanik, G. Ku, C. Li, L. V. Wang, “ Design and evaluation of a novel breast cancer detection system combining both thermoacoustic (TA) and photoacoustic (PA) tomography,” Med. Phys. 35 (6), 2218–2223 (2008).

[25] G. Ku, B. D. Fornage, X. Jin, M. Xu, K. K. Hunt, L. V. Wang, “ Thermoacoustic and photoacoustic tomography of thick biological tissues toward breast imaging,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4 (5), 559–565 (2005).

[26] G. Ku, X. Wang, X. Xie, G. Stoica, L. V. Wang, “ Imaging of tumor angiogenesis in rat brains in vivo by photoacoustic tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44 (5), 770–775 (2005).

[27] X. Wang, Y. Pang, G. Ku, X. Xie, G. Stoica, L. V. Wang, “ Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain,” Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (7), 803–806 (2003).

[28] R. A. Kruger, K. K. Kopecky, A. M. Aisen, D. R. Reinecke, G. A. Kruger, W. L. Kiser, “ Thermoacoustic CT with radio waves: A medical imaging paradigm,” Radiology 211 (1), 275–278 (1999).

[29] J. Y. Kim, L. Changho, P. Kyungjin, L. Geunbae, K. Chlhong, “ Fast optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a 2-axis water-proofing MEMS scanner,” Sci. Rep. 5, 7932 (2014).

[30] S. L. Chen, L. J. Guo, X. Wang, “ All-optical photoacoustic microscopy,” Photoacoustics 3 (4), 143–150 (2015).

[31] B. Ning, M. J. Kennedy, A. J. Dixon, N. Sun, R. Cao, B. T. Soetikno, R. Chen, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, J. A. Hossack, S. Hu, “ Simultaneous photoacoustic microscopy of microvascular anatomy, oxygen saturation, and blood flow,” Opt. Lett. 40 (6), 910–913 (2015).

[32] L. Zeng, D. Xing, H. Gu, D. Yang, S. Yang, L. Xiang, “ High antinoise photoacoustic tomography based on a modified filtered backprojection algorithm with combination wavelet,” Med. Phys. 34 (2), 556–563 (2007).

[33] B. Dong, H. Li, Z. Zhang, K. Zhang, S. Chen, C. Sun, H. Zhang, “ Isometric multimodal photoacoustic microscopy based on optically transparent micro-ring ultrasonic detection,” Optica 2 (2), 169–176 (2015).

[34] W. Song, W. Zheng, R. Liu, R. Lin, H. Huang, X. Gong, S. Yang, R. Zhang, L. Song, “ Reflection-mode in vivo photoacoustic microscopy with subwavelength lateral resolution,” Biomed. Opt. Express 5 (12), 4235–4241 (2014).

[35] T. Wang, S. Nandy, H. S. Salehi, P. D. Kumavor, Q. Zhu, “ A low-cost photoacoustic microscopy system with a laser diode excitation,” Biomed. Opt. Express 5 (9), 3053–3058 (2014).

[36] J. Xiao, Y. Li, W. Jin, K. Peng, Z. Zhu, B. Wang, “ Photoacoustic endoscopy with hollow structured lens-focused polyvinylidine fluoride transducer,” Appl. Opt. 55 (9), 2301–2305 (2016).

[37] C. Chen, Y. Zhao, S. Yang, D. Xing, “ Mechanical characterization of intraluminal tissue with phase-resolved photoacoustic viscoelasticity endoscopy,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6 (12), 4975–4980 (2015).

[38] J. M. Yang, C. Favazza, R. Chen, J. Yao, X. Cai, K. Maslove, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “ Simultaneous functional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of internal organs in vivo,” Nat. Med. 18 (8), 1297–1302 (2012).

[39] J. M. Yang, R. Chen, C. Favazza, J. Yao, C. Li, Z. Hu, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “ A 2.5-mm diameter probe for photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy,” Opt. Express 20 (21), 23944–23953 (2012).

[40] J. M. Yang, K. Maslov, R. Chen, H. C. Yang, Q. Zhou, K. Kirk Shung, L. V. Wang, “ Volumetric photoacoustic endoscopy of internal organs: A phantom and in situ study,” Proc. SPIE 7564, 75640D (2010).

[41] J. M. Yang, K. Maslov, H. C. Yang, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “ Photoacoustic endoscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34 (10), 1591–1593 (2009).

[42] Y. Fan, A. Mandelis, G. Spirou, I. A. Vitkin, “ Development of a laser photothermoacoustic frequency-swept system for subsurface imaging: Theory and experiment,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 (6), 3523–3533 (2005).

[43] K. Maslov, L. V. Wang, “ Photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue with intensity-modulated continuous-wave laser,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13 (2), 024006 (2008).

[44] B. Lashkari, A. Mandelis, “ Photoacoustic radar imaging signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and resolution enhancement using nonlinear chirp modulation,” Opt. Lett. 35 (10), 1623–1625 (2010).

[45] M. Li, P. Wang, “ Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a Blu-ray DVD pickup head,” Proc. SPIE 8943, 894315 (2014).

[46] E. M. Strohm, E. S. L. Berndl, M. C. Kolios, “ High frequency label-free photoacoustic microscopy of single cells,” Photoacoustics 1 (3), 49–53 (2013).

[47] S. Han, C. Lee, S. Kim, M. Jeon, J. Kim, C. Kim, “In vivo virtual intraoperative surgical photoacoustic microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (20), 203702 (2013).

[48] C. Zhang, K. Maslov, S. Hu, R. Chen, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “Reflection-mode submicron-resolution in vivo photoacoustic microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17 (2), 020501 (2012).

[49] G. Ku, K. Maslov, L. Li, L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic microscopy with 2-microm transverse resolution,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15 (2), 021302 (2010).

[50] S. Hu, K. Maslov, L. V. Wang, “Second-generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with improved sensitivity and speed,” Opt. Lett. 36 (7), 1134–1136 (2011).

[51] W. Shi, S. Kerr, I. Utkin, J. Ranasinghesagara, L. Pan, Y. Godwal, R. J. Zemp, R. Fedosejevs, “Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy using novel high-repetition-rate passively Q-switched microchip and fiber lasers,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15 (5), 056017 (2010).

[52] L. Song, K. Maslov, R. Bitton, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “Fast 3-D dark-field reflection-mode photoacoustic microscopy in vivo with a 30-MHz ultrasound linear array,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13 (5), 054028 (2008).

[53] H. F. Zhang, K. Maslov, G. Stoica, L. V. Wang, “Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (7), 848–851 (2006).

[54] K. Maslov, G. Stoica, L. V. Wang, “ In vivo dark-field reflection-mode photoacoustic microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 30 (6), 625–627 (2005).

[55] S. A. Ermilov, T. Khamapirad, A. Conjusteau, M. H. Leonard, R. Lacewell, K. Mehta, T. Miller, A. A. Oraevsky, “ Laser optoacoustic imaging system for detection of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (2), 024007 (2009).

[56] Y. Zhao, S. Yang, “ Photoacoustic viscoelasticity imaging of biological tissues with intensity-modulated continuous-wave laser,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 6 (04), 1350033 (2013).

[57] X. L. Deán-Ben, D. Razansky, “ Portable spherical array probe for volumetric real-time optoacoustic imaging at centimeter-scale depths,” Opt. Express 21 (23), 28062–28071 (2013).

[58] H. Ke, T. N. Erpelding, L. Jankovic, C. Liu, L. V. Wang, “ Performance characterization of an integrated ultrasound, photoacoustic, and thermoacoustic imaging system,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17 (5), 056010 (2012).

[59] G. M. R. Kolkman, W. Steenbergen, T. G. van Leeuwen, “In vivo photoacoustic imaging of blood vessels with a pulsed laser diode,” Lasers Med. Sci. 21 (3), 134–139 (2006).

[60] M. P. Mienkina, C. S. Friedrich, N. C. Gerhardt, M. F. Beckmann, M. F. Schiffner, M. R. Hofmann, G. Schmitz, “Multispectral photoacoustic coded excitation imaging using unipolar orthogonal Golay codes,” Opt. Express 18 (9), 9076–9087 (2010).

[61] C. Willert, B. Stasicki, J. Klinner, S. Moessner, “Pulsed operation of high-power light emitting diodes for imaging flow velocimetry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 (7), 129–247 (2010).

[62] C. E. Willert, D. M. Mitchell, J. Soria, “An assessment of high-power light-emitting diodes for high frame rate schlieren imaging,” Exp. Fluids 53 (2), 413–421 (2012).

[63] K. Daoudi, S. Tisserand, W. Steenbergen, “Handheld probe for portable high frame photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging system,” Proc. SPIE 8581 (3), 858121 (2013).

[64] C. Zhang, K. Maslov, L. V. Wang, “Subwavelength-resolution label-free photoacoustic microscopy of optical absorption in vivo,” Opt. Lett. 35 (19), 3195–3197 (2010).

[65] J. Yao, L. Song, L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic microscopy: Superdepth, superresolution, and superb contrast,” IEEE Pulse 6 (3), 34–37 (2015).

[66] X. Dai, H. Yang, H. Jiang, “Low-cost high-power light emitting diodes for photoacoustic imaging,” Proc. SPIE 10064, 10064E (2017).

[67] Y. Shigeta, T. Agano, N. Sato, H. Nakatsuka, K. Kitagawa, T. Hanaoka, K. Morisono, C. Tanaka, “Detection of ICG at low concentrations by photoacoustic imaging system using LED light source,” Proc. SPIE 10064, 100644X (2017).

[68] M. L. Li, P. H. Wang, “Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a Blu-ray DVD pickup head,” Proc. SPIE 8943, 894315 (2014).

[69] L. V. Wang, S. Hu, “Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs,” Science 335 (6075), 1458–1462 (2012).

[70] K. Maslov, H. F. Zhang, S. Hu, L. V. Wang, “Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for in vivo imaging of single capillaries,” Opt. Lett. 33 (9), 929–931 (2008).

[71] J. M. Yang, C. Favazza, R. Chen, J. Yao, X. Cai, K. Maslov, Q. Zhou, K. K. Shung, L. V. Wang, “Simultaneous functional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of internal organs in vivo,” Nat. Med. 18 (8), 1297–1302 (2012).

[72] D. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Wang, D. Luo, U. Chitupi, J. Geng, Y. Zhou, L. Wang, J. F. Lovell, J. Xia, “Deep tissue photoacoustic computed tomography with a fast and compact laser system,” Biomed. Opt. Express 8 (1), 112–123 (2017).

[73] L. Zeng, G. Liu, Z. Ren, Z. Huang, D. Yang, “Design of a portable noninvasive photoacoustic glucose monitoring system integrated laser diode excitation with annular array detection,” Proc. SPIE 7280, 72802F (2008).

[74] D. Yang, L. Zeng, C. Pan, X. Zhao, X. Ji, “Noninvasive photoacoustic detecting intraocular foreign bodies with an annular transducer array,” Opt. Express 21 (1), 984–991 (2013).

[75] L. Zeng, G. Liu, Z. Ren, Z. Huang, B. L. Shao, “Design of high-resolution photoacoustic imaging system based on LabVIEW station,” Acta Photon. Sin. 37 (7), 1436–1440 (2008).

[76] L. Zeng, G. Liu, D. Yang, J. Dong, “Compact optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy system based on a pulsed laser diode,” Chin. J. Laser 40, 131–136 (2014).

[77] L. Zeng, G. Liu, D. Yang, X. Ji, “3D-visual laser-diode-based photoacoustic imaging,” Opt. Express 20 (2), 1237–1246 (2012).

[78] T. J. Allen, P. C. Beard, “Pulsed near-infrared laser diode excitation system for biomedical photoacoustic imaging,” Opt. Lett. 31 (23), 3462–3464 (2006).

[79] T. J. Allen, P. C. Beard, “Dual wavelength laser diode excitation source for 2D photoacoustic imaging,” Proc. SPIE 6437, 64371U (2007).

[80] P. K. Upputuri, M. Pramanik, “High-speed pre-clinical brain imaging using pulsed laser diode based photoacoustic tomography (PLD-PAT) system,” Proc. SPIE 9708, 97084R (2016).

[81] K. Daoudi, P. J. van den Berg, O. Rabot, A. Kohl, S. Tisserand, P. Brands, W. Steenbergen, “Handheld probe integrating laser diode and ultrasound transducer array for ultrasound/photoacoustic dual modality imaging,” Opt. Express 22 (21), 26365–26374 (2014).

[82] P. J. van den Berg, R. Bansal, K. Daoudi, W. Steenbergen, J. Prakash, “Preclinical detection of liver fibrosis using dual-modality photoacoustic/ultrasound system,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7 (12), 5081 (2016).

[83] L. Zeng, G. Liu, D. Yang, X. Ji, “Portable optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with a pulsed laser diode excitation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 (5), 053704 (2013).

[84] L. Zeng, G. Liu, D. Yang, X. Ji, “Cost-efficient laser-diode-induced optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for two-dimensional/three-dimensional biomedical imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19 (7), 076017 (2014).

[85] T. Wang, S. Nandy, H. S. Salehi, P. D. Kumavor, Q. Zhu, “A low-cost photoacoustic microscopy system with a laser diode excitation,” Biomed. Opt. Express 5 (9), 3053–3058 (2014).

[86] M. Erfanzadeh, H. S. Salehi, P. Kumavor, Q. Zhu, “Improvement and evaluation of a low-cost laser diode photoacoustic microscopy system for ovarian tissue imaging,” Proc. SPIE 9708, 97083I (2016).

[87] L. Zeng, Z. Piao, S. Huang, W. Jia, Z. Chen, “Label-free optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of superficial microvasculature using a compact visible laser diode excitation,” Opt. Express 23 (24), 31026–31033 (2015).

[88] G. Langer, T. Berer, “Non-linear photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy using a modulated laser diode,” Proc. SPIE 9708, 97082K (2016).

[89] T. J. Allen, P. C. Beard, “High power visible light emitting diodes as pulsed excitation sources for biomedical photoacoustics,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7 (4), 1260–1270 (2016).

[90] R. S. Hansen, “Using high-power light emitting diodes for photoacoustic imaging,” Proc. SPIE 7968, 79680A (2011).

[91] X. Dai, H. Yang, H. Jiang, “ In vivo photoacoustic imaging of vasculature with a low-cost miniature light emitting diode excitation,” Opt. Lett. 42 (7), 1456–1459 (2017).