1. Mechanism of black phosphorus killing tumor cells^[18]

2. Structure of black phosphorus^[44]

3. Schematic illustration of black phosphorus (BP) field effect transistor (FET) biosensor for IgG detection^[62]

4. Synthesis method and mechanism of PEGylated black phosphorus nanosheets (BP NSs)^[11]

5. Schematic illustration of the degradation process of the PLGAylated black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs/PLGA) nanospheres in the physiological environment^[52]

6. Top and side views of the atomic structures of grey arsenic (a) and black arsenic (b)^[64]

7. Schematic illustration of the preparation of PEGylated arsenic nanodots (AsNDs@PEG) and their application to normal and cancer cells^[67]

8. Photothermal effects of PEG-modified antimonene quantum dots

9. Schematic illustration of synthetic procedure of 2D multifunctional bismuthene and followed surface modification with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and underlying biomedical applications in multimodal photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/computed tomography (CT) imaging guided photonic cancer treatment (synergistic Photothermal Therapy (PTT) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT))^[70]