• Advanced Photonics
  • Vol. 1, Issue 5, 056002 (2019)
Zoé-Lise Deck-Léger1、*, Nima Chamanara1, Maksim Skorobogatiy2, Mário G. Silveirinha3, and Christophe Caloz1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Electrical Engineering, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
  • 2Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
  • 3Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Department of Electrical Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
  • show less
    DOI: 10.1117/1.AP.1.5.056002 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Zoé-Lise Deck-Léger, Nima Chamanara, Maksim Skorobogatiy, Mário G. Silveirinha, Christophe Caloz. Uniform-velocity spacetime crystals[J]. Advanced Photonics, 2019, 1(5): 056002 Copy Citation Text show less

    Abstract

    We perform a comprehensive analysis of uniform-velocity bilayer spacetime crystals, combining concepts of conventional photonic crystals and special relativity. Given that a spacetime crystal consists of a sequence of spacetime discontinuities, we do this by solving the following sequence of problems: (1) the spacetime interface, (2) the double spacetime interface, or spacetime slab, (3) the unbounded crystal, and (4) the truncated crystal. For these problems, we present the following results: (1) an extension of the Stokes principle to spacetime interfaces, (2) an interference-based analysis of the interference phenomenology, (3) a quick linear approximation of the dispersion diagrams, a description of simultaneous wavenumber and frequency bandgaps, and (4) the explanation of the effects of different types of spacetime crystal truncations and the corresponding scattering coefficients. This work may constitute the foundation for a virtually unlimited number of novel canonical spacetime media and metamaterial problems.
    n(zvmt)=ni+(njni)θ(zvmt),(1a)

    View in Article

    n(tz/vm)=ni+(njni)θ(tz/vm),(1b)

    View in Article

    2Exz2n2(zvmt)2Ex(ct)2=0.(2)

    View in Article

    z=γ(zvfcct),ct=γ(ctvfcz),(3)

    View in Article

    γ=(1vf2/c2)1/2(4)

    View in Article

    z=γ(z+vfcct),ct=γ(ct+vfcz).(5)

    View in Article

    v=dzdtdtdt=γ2(v+vf)(1vfvc2),(6)

    View in Article

    v=v+vf1+vvfc2(7a)

    View in Article

    v=vvf1vvfc2.(7b)

    View in Article

    ϕ±=ϕ±,(8)

    View in Article

    ϕ±=k±zω±t,ϕ±=k±zω±t,(9)

    View in Article

    k±=γ(k±vfcω±c),ω±c=γ(ω±cvfck±).(10)

    View in Article

    Ex±=A±e±iϕ±,with  ϕ±=k±zω±t.(11)

    View in Article

    Hy±=1ηEx±,(12a)

    View in Article

    By±=1vEx±,(12b)

    View in Article

    Dx±=ϵEx±=1vηEx±,(12c)

    View in Article

    Ex=γ(EyvfBy),Hy=γ(HxvfDx),(13a)

    View in Article

    Dx=γ(Dxvfc2Hy),By=γ(Byvfc2Ex),(13b)

    View in Article

    Ex±=A±e±iϕ±,with  ϕ±=k±zω±t,(14)

    View in Article

    v±=v±+vf1+v±vfc2.(15)

    View in Article

    Exi=Exj|z=0,Hyi=Hyj|z=0,(16)

    View in Article

    ExivfByi=ExjvfByj|zvft=0,(17a)

    View in Article

    HyivfDxi=HyjvfDxj|zvft=0.(17b)

    View in Article

    Dxi=Dxj|t=0,Byi=Byj|t=0.(20)

    View in Article

    Dxivfc2Hyi=Dxjvfc2Hyj|tvfc2z=0,(21a)

    View in Article

    Byivfc2Exi=Byjvfc2Exj|tvfc2z=0.(21b)

    View in Article

    γ¯ijiγiji+τijτji=1,(24a)

    View in Article

    τ¯jiγiji+γjijτji=0.(24b)

    View in Article

    τ¯ijτ¯ji=τijτji.(24c)

    View in Article

    ζ¯ijζji+ξijξji=1,(25a)

    View in Article

    ξ¯ijζji+ζijξji=0,(25b)

    View in Article

    ξ¯ijξ¯ji=ξjiξij.(25c)

    View in Article

    ζ¯ijζji=ζijζ¯ji.(25d)

    View in Article

    ωe=ωi+=ωi=ωj+.(26a)

    View in Article

    ωe=ωi+(1vmvi)=ωi(1+vmvi)=ωj+(1vmvj),(26b)

    View in Article

    ωe/ωe=γ,(27)

    View in Article

    ke=ki+(1vivm)=kj+(1vjvm)=kj(1+vjvm).(28b)

    View in Article

    ke/ke=γ.(29)

    View in Article

    ωe=ωi+=ωi=ωj+=ωj=ωk+.(30)

    View in Article

    ωe=ωi+(1vmvi)=ωi(1+vmvi)=ωj+(1vmvj)=ωj(1+vmvj)=ωk+(1vmvk).(31)

    View in Article

    ke=ki+=kj+=kj=kk+=kk.(32)

    View in Article

    ke=ki+(1vivm)=kj+(1vjvm)=kj(1+vjvm)=kk+(1vkvm)=kk(1+vkvm).(33)

    View in Article

    φj±=kj±j=ωevj±j,(34)

    View in Article

    φj±=φ¯j±Δφj,(35a)

    View in Article

    φ¯j=φj++φj2andΔφj=φj+φj2,(35b)

    View in Article

    φ¯j=ωej2(1vj++1vj),(36a)

    View in Article

    Δφj=ωej2(1vj+1vj).(36b)

    View in Article

    j=γj,(37)

    View in Article

    φj±=γ2ωej1vmvj/c2vjvm,(38a)

    View in Article

    φ¯j=ωejvjvj2vm2,(38b)

    View in Article

    Δφj=ωejγ2vm1vj2/c2vj2vm2.(38c)

    View in Article

    φj±=ωj±dj=kevj±dj,(39a)

    View in Article

    φ¯j=kedj2(vj++vj),(39b)

    View in Article

    Δφj=kedj2(vj+vj).(39c)

    View in Article

    dj=γdj,(40)

    View in Article

    φj±=γ2kedj1c2/(vjvm)1/vj1/vm,(41a)

    View in Article

    φ¯j=kedjvjvm2vm2vj2,(41b)

    View in Article

    Δφj=kedjγ2vmc21vj2/c2vj2vm2.(41c)

    View in Article

    Γiki=|ψi||ψi+|=γiji+τ¯ijγjkjτjie2iφ¯j+τ¯ijγjkjγ¯jijγjkjτjie4iφ¯j+τ¯ijγjkj(γ¯jijγjkj)2τjie6iφ¯j=γiji+τ¯ijγjkjτjie2iφ¯jn=0(γ¯jijγjkje2iφ¯j)n,(42)

    View in Article

    Γiki=γiji+τ¯ijγjkjτjie2iφ¯j1γ¯jijγjkje2iφ¯j=γiji1e2iφ¯j1γ¯jijγjkje2iφ¯j,(43)

    View in Article

    Tki=|ψk+||ψi+|=τkjτjieiφj++τkjγ¯jijγjkjτjieiφj+e2iφ¯j+τkj(γ¯jijγjkj)2τjieiφj+e2iφ¯j=τkjτjieiφj+n=0(γ¯jijγjkje2iφ¯j)n=τkjτjieiφj+1γ¯jijγjkje2iφ¯j.(44)

    View in Article

    j=cTj+4(vmc+vjc)=λj+4(1+vm/vj),(49)

    View in Article

    cdj=λj+4(cvj+cvm)=cTj+4(1+vj/vm),(50)

    View in Article

    nav±=t1±+t2±t1±/n1+t2±/n2,(51)

    View in Article

    t1,2±=1,2n1,2/c1vmn1,2/c,(52)

    View in Article

    nav±=n11+n22vmn1n2/c(1+2)1+2vm/c(n21+n12).(53)

    View in Article

    vav±=v1v2(1+2)vm(1v1+2v2)(1v2+2v1)vm(1+2).(54)

    View in Article

    nav±=z1±n1+z2±n2z1±+z2±,(55)

    View in Article

    z1,2±=cd1,2n1,2c/vm,(56)

    View in Article

    nav±=d1+d2c/vm(d1/n2+d2/n1)d1/n1+d2/n2c/(vmn1n2)(d1+d2).(57)

    View in Article

    vav±=vm(d1v1+d2v2)v1v2(d1+d2)vm(d1+d2)(d1v2+d2v1).(58)

    View in Article

    p=(kB,0)=(2πB,0).(59)

    View in Article

    kB=2πB,ωB=2πvmB,(60)

    View in Article

    p=(0,ωB)=(0,2πdB).(61)

    View in Article

    ωB=2πdB,kB=2πvmdB.(62)

    View in Article

    ω+qωB=±vav±(k+qkB),(63)

    View in Article

    kq±=qωB±vav±qkB=qkB(vm±vav±1),(64)

    View in Article

    k0,1c=vm+vavvav++vavkB.(65)

    View in Article

    ωq±=±qkBvav±qωB=qωB(±vav+vm1),(66)

    View in Article

    ω0,1c=vav+vmvav+vmvav+vav+ωB,(67)

    View in Article

    [ψk+ψk]Ik,l=[MB][ψi+ψi]Ii,j,(68)

    View in Article

    [MB]=[Pk][Tkj][Pj][Tji].(69)

    View in Article

    [ψj+ψj]Ii,j=[Tji][ψi+ψi]Ii,j.(70)

    View in Article

    ψj+=τjiψi++γ¯jijψj,(71a)

    View in Article

    ψi=γijiψi++τ¯ijψj,(71b)

    View in Article

    [TjiSb]=1τ¯ij[τjiτ¯ijγ¯jijγijiγ¯jijγiji1],(72)

    View in Article

    [TjiSb]=12ηi[(ηi+ηj)1vm/vi1vm/vj(ηiηj)1+vm/vi1vm/vj(ηiηj)1vm/vi1+vm/vj(ηi+ηj)1+vm/vi1+vm/vj].(73)

    View in Article

    ψj+=ξjiψi++ζ¯jiψi,(74a)

    View in Article

    ψj=ζjiψi++ξ¯jiψi.(74b)

    View in Article

    [TjiSp]=[ξjiζ¯jiζjiξ¯ji],(75)

    View in Article

    [ψj+ψj]Ij,k=[Pj][ψj+ψj]Ii,j.(76)

    View in Article

    [Pj]=[eiφj+00eiφj]=eiΔφj[eiφ¯j00eiφ¯j],(77)

    View in Article

    [MB]=eiΔφ[aibica*]=eiΔφ[MB0],(78)

    View in Article

    a=eiφ¯k[cosφ¯j+i2(ηjηk+ηkηj)sinφ¯j],(79a)

    View in Article

    b=eiφ¯k12(ηjηkηkηj)1+vm/vj1vm/vjsinφ¯j,(79b)

    View in Article

    c=eiφ¯k12(ηjηkηkηj)1vm/vj1+vm/vksinφ¯j.(79c)

    View in Article

    [ψk+ψk]Ik,l=[MB][ψi+ψi]Ii,j=eiΦB[ψi+ψi]Ii,j.(80)

    View in Article

    |aei(ΦBΔφ)bca*ei(ΦBΔφ)|=0.(81)

    View in Article

    ei(ΦBΔφ)=a+a*2±(a+a*2)21,(82)

    View in Article

    cos(ΦBΔφ)=a+a*2=cosφ¯jcosφ¯k12(ηjηk+ηkηj)sinφ¯jsinφ¯k,(83)

    View in Article

    ΦB=ΦB=kB=γ2(kvmc2ω)B,(84)

    View in Article

    ωe=ωvmk,(85)

    View in Article

    ω(ωe)=vmΦB(ωe)B+γ2ωe,(86a)

    View in Article

    k(ωe)=ΦB(ωe)B+γ2vm2c2ωe.(86b)

    View in Article

    ΦB=ΦB=ωdB=γ2(ωc2vmk)dB,(87)

    View in Article

    ke=kω/vm,(88)

    View in Article

    ω(ke)=ΦB(ke)dB+γ2c2vmke,(89a)

    View in Article

    k(ke)=ΦB(ke)vmdB+γ2ke.(89b)

    View in Article

    φ¯=φ¯j=φ¯k.(90)

    View in Article

    φ¯=ωejvjvj2vm2=ωekvkvk2vm2=ωede/2,(91)

    View in Article

    de=2vjvk(vj+vk)(vjvkvm2)B,(92)

    View in Article

    Δφ=Δφj+Δφk=vmγ2(vj+vk)(1vjvk/c2)vjvkωede=2vmγ21vjvk/c2vjvkvm2ωeB.(93)

    View in Article

    φ¯=kedjvm2vjvm2vj2=kedkvm2vkvm2vk2=kee/2,(94)

    View in Article

    e=2vm2vjvk(vj+vk)(vm2vjvk)dB.(95)

    View in Article

    Δφ=Δφj+Δφk=γ2c2vm2(vj+vk)(1vjvk/c2)vjvkkee=vmc2γ21vjvk/c2vjvkvm2kedB,(96)

    View in Article

    ΦBΔφ=±π.(97)

    View in Article

    k=vmvjvkω±π(vjvkvm2)vjvkB.(98)

    View in Article

    ω=vjvkvmk±π(vm2vjvk)vm2dB,(99)

    View in Article

    cos(ΦBΔφ)=cos2φ¯12(η1η2+η2η1)sin2φ¯,(100)

    View in Article

    cos2φ¯12(η1η2+η2η1)sin2φ¯=1.(101)

    View in Article

    φ¯=arccos(±η2η1η1+η2)=arccos(±υ)υ1π2υ.(102)

    View in Article

    ω=vmk+1dearccos(±υ),(103)

    View in Article

    ω0,1±=1B[vmπ+(vj+vk)arccos(±υ)],(104a)

    View in Article

    k0,1±=1B[π+vm(vj+vk)vjvkarccos(±υ)].(104b)

    View in Article

    Δω0,1=vj+vkB[arccosυarccos(υ)]υ12vj+vkB|υ|,(105)

    View in Article

    k=ωvm+1earccos(±υ),(106)

    View in Article

    k0,1±=1dB[πvm+vj+vkvjvkarccos(±υ)],(107a)

    View in Article

    ω0,1±=1dB[π+vj+vkvmarccos(±υ)].(107b)

    View in Article

    Δk0,1=vj+vkvjvkdB[arccosυarccos(υ)]υ12vj+vkvjvkdB|υ|,(108)

    View in Article

    [MB]N=eiNΔϕ[MB0]=eiNΔϕ[aUN1(x)UN2(x)ibUN1(x)icUN1(x)a*UN1(x)UN2(x)],(109)

    View in Article

    UN(x)=sin[(N+1)cos1x]1x2,(110)

    View in Article

    x=a+a*2,(111)

    View in Article

    [ψ1ψN]=[Γ11T¯1  NTN1Γ¯NN][ψ1+ψN+]=1A*[A1AA*BCA][ψ1+ψN+],(112)

    View in Article

    Dxj=ϵjExj,(114a)

    View in Article

    Byj=μjHyj.(114b)

    View in Article

    Dxjvfc2Hyj=ϵj(ExjvfByj),(115a)

    View in Article

    Byjvfc2Exj=μj(HyjvfDxj).(115b)

    View in Article

    Dxj=ϵj1vf2/c21vf2/vj2Exj+vfc21c2/vj21vf2/vj2Hyj=ϵjExj+χjHyj,(116a)

    View in Article

    Byj=μj1vf2/c21vf2/vj2Hyj+vfc21c2/vj21vf2/vj2Exj=μjHyj+χjExj,(116b)

    View in Article

    ωjDxj=kjHyj,ωjByj=kjExj.(117)

    View in Article

    DxjHyj=ByjExj.(118)

    View in Article

    ηj=ExjHyj=μjϵj=μjϵj=ηj,(119)

    View in Article

    vj±=ωjkj=HyjDxj=ExjByj,(120)

    View in Article

    vj±=HyjDxj=1ϵjηj+χj=vj±+vf1+vj±vf/c2.(121)

    View in Article

    Exz=Byt=μ(zvmt)Hyt,(122a)

    View in Article

    Hyz=Dxt=ϵ(zvmt)Ext,(122b)

    View in Article

    z=zvmt,t=t.(123)

    View in Article

    z=zzz+ttz=z,(124a)

    View in Article

    t=ttt+zzt=tvmz.(124b)

    View in Article

    Exz=(tvmz)μ(z)Hy,(125a)

    View in Article

    Hyz=(tvmz)ϵ(z)Ex.(125b)

    View in Article

    z[Exvmμ(z)Hy]=tμ(z)Hy,(126a)

    View in Article

    z[Hyvmϵ(z)Ex]=tϵ(z)Ex.(126b)

    View in Article

    nj=ctj+zj+,cvm=ctj+zj+j.(127)

    View in Article

    zj+=ctj+nj,zj+=j+ctj+vmc,(128)

    View in Article

    ctj+nj=j+ctj+vmc,tj+=jnj/c1vmnj/c.(129)

    View in Article

    nj=ctj+zj+,cvm=ctj+cdjzj+.(130)

    View in Article

    ctj+=zj+nj,ctj+=cvmzj++cdj,(131)

    View in Article

    zj+nj=cvmzj++cdj,zj+=cdjnjc/vm.(132)

    View in Article

    [ψout+ψout]=[MB][ψin+ψin],(133)

    View in Article

    [ψin+*ψin*]=[MB][ψout+*ψout*].(134)

    View in Article

    [MB*]1=MB,(135)

    View in Article

    [abcd]=1det[M][d*b*c*a*].(136)

    View in Article

    aeiΔϕ=d*,(137)

    View in Article

    beiΔϕ=b*,ceiΔϕ=c*(138)

    View in Article

    ωeg=ω0,1cvmk0,1c=(vav+vm)vm+vavvav++vavkB,(139a)

    View in Article

    ωig=vivivmωeg.(139b)

    View in Article

    keg=k0,1cω0,1cvm=(1vav+1vm)vav+vmvav+vmvav+vav+ωB,(140a)

    View in Article

    kig=vmvmvikeg.(140b)

    View in Article

    Zoé-Lise Deck-Léger, Nima Chamanara, Maksim Skorobogatiy, Mário G. Silveirinha, Christophe Caloz. Uniform-velocity spacetime crystals[J]. Advanced Photonics, 2019, 1(5): 056002
    Download Citation