Jingzhen Li, Yi Cai, Xuanke Zeng, Xiaowei Lu, Hongyi Chen, Shixiang Xu, Qifan Zhu, Yongle Zhu. Review on Atomic Time Imaging (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(17): 1732004

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- Acta Optica Sinica
- Vol. 44, Issue 17, 1732004 (2024)

Fig. 1. Short time, atomic time, electronic time, and nuclear time
![Correspondence among motion, energy, and time scale in the microcosmic world[2]](/richHtml/gxxb/2024/44/17/1732004/img_02.jpg)
Fig. 2. Correspondence among motion, energy, and time scale in the microcosmic world[2]
![In flight light pulse experiment recorded by holographic coherent shutter[26-29]. (a) Experimental principle (L represents picosecond laser, A represents small aperture diaphragm, O represents diffuser plate, and H represents holographic recording medium); (b) schematic of experimental lightpath (O represents diffuse reflection object and M represents mirror); (c) recorded propagation process of spherical wave and reflected wave](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 3. In flight light pulse experiment recorded by holographic coherent shutter[26-29]. (a) Experimental principle (L represents picosecond laser, A represents small aperture diaphragm, O represents diffuser plate, and H represents holographic recording medium); (b) schematic of experimental lightpath (O represents diffuse reflection object and M represents mirror); (c) recorded propagation process of spherical wave and reflected wave
![Schematic of a bond-breaking process of ICN and the time-delay between adjacent two pumpings is 10 fs in the multi-pumping-detection[35]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 4. Schematic of a bond-breaking process of ICN and the time-delay between adjacent two pumpings is 10 fs in the multi-pumping-detection[35]
![Original femtosecond holography[66-67]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
![Frequency-domain hologram (up) and its system diagram (down) of plasma wake-field recorded by FDH[10,70]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 6. Frequency-domain hologram (up) and its system diagram (down) of plasma wake-field recorded by FDH[10,70]

Fig. 7. Schematic of experimental setup of SSFDH
![Schematic of CUP system and tube streak camera[48]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 8. Schematic of CUP system and tube streak camera[48]
![Schematic of FRAME setup[77]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 9. Schematic of FRAME setup[77]
![Schematic of optical system of FISI[52]. (a) 3D model of FISI system, including the frequency domains FD1 and FD2, the lenses L1 and L2 of 4f system, the spatial plane (SD), the image plane (IP), and the sub-lens in lens array (LA); (b) lightpath diagram of FISI system; (c) isometric and front view of framing structure](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 10. Schematic of optical system of FISI[52]. (a) 3D model of FISI system, including the frequency domains FD1 and FD2, the lenses L1 and L2 of 4f system, the spatial plane (SD), the image plane (IP), and the sub-lens in lens array (LA); (b) lightpath diagram of FISI system; (c) isometric and front view of framing structure
![Schematic of STAMP[50]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 11. Schematic of STAMP[50]
![Schematic of microscopic SF-STAMP system for observation of ultrafast laser ablation dynamics[80]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 12. Schematic of microscopic SF-STAMP system for observation of ultrafast laser ablation dynamics[80]
![OPR system[53-54]. (a) Schematic of OPR: (a1) demonstration of sampling theory and Fourier reconstruction algorithm; (a2) operating principle; (a3) raster framing camera (C—collimating lens, G—grating, FL—Fourier lens). (b) Experimental setup of OPR: (b1) ultrafast imaging in single-shot (WP—wedge plate, HWP—half wave plate, G1 and G2—gratings, DL—delay line, MO—microscope objective); (b2) raw spectrally dispersed raster of probe pulse without an object; (b3) details in the yellow dotted box in Fig. 13(a2); (b4) sub-bandwidth raster of a probe pulse](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 13. OPR system[53-54]. (a) Schematic of OPR: (a1) demonstration of sampling theory and Fourier reconstruction algorithm; (a2) operating principle; (a3) raster framing camera (C—collimating lens, G—grating, FL—Fourier lens). (b) Experimental setup of OPR: (b1) ultrafast imaging in single-shot (WP—wedge plate, HWP—half wave plate, G1 and G2—gratings, DL—delay line, MO—microscope objective); (b2) raw spectrally dispersed raster of probe pulse without an object; (b3) details in the yellow dotted box in Fig. 13(a2); (b4) sub-bandwidth raster of a probe pulse
![MOPA system (WS—wavelength separator, SHG—second harmonic generator, NCOPA—non-collinear optical parametric amplifier, BSG—beam splitter group, COS—confocal optical system)[88]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 14. MOPA system (WS—wavelength separator, SHG—second harmonic generator, NCOPA—non-collinear optical parametric amplifier, BSG—beam splitter group, COS—confocal optical system)[88]

Fig. 15. Comparison among recent main imaging techniques of atomic time scale
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Table 1. Main performance parameters under different imaging frequencies

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