• Chinese Optics Letters
  • Vol. 19, Issue 7, 072701 (2021)
Boya Xie and Sheng Feng*
Author Affiliations
  • Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/COL202119.072701 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Boya Xie, Sheng Feng. Heterodyne detection enhanced by quantum correlation[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2021, 19(7): 072701 Copy Citation Text show less

    Abstract

    Heterodyne detectors as phase-insensitive (PI) devices have found important applications in precision measurements such as space-based gravitational-wave (GW) observation. However, the output signal of a PI heterodyne detector is supposed to suffer from signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation due to image band vacuum and imperfect quantum efficiency. Here, we show that the SNR degradation can be overcome when the image band vacuum is quantum correlated with the input signal. We calculate the noise figure of the detector and prove the feasibility of heterodyne detection with enhanced noise performance through quantum correlation. This work should be of great interest to ongoing space-borne GW signal searching experiments.
    E^s(+)(r,t)=iε0Vk(12ωk)12a^kei(k·rωkt),

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    [a^k,a^k]=[a^k,a^k]=0,[a^k,a^k]=δk,k.

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    SNRin=cε0ωsBE^s()(t)E^s(+)(t)=cε02ωsB|αs|2.

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    NF=10log10SNRinSNRout,

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    SNRoutPoutχ(Ω)·B.

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    Pout=1T0TdtJ2(t),

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    J(t)=η0dtj(t)I^2(tt)I^1(tt),

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    I^1,2(t)=(cε0/2){εl()(t)εl(+)(t)+E^a()(t)E^a(+)(t)±i[εl(+)(t)E^a()(t)εl()(t)E^a(+)(t)]},

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    E^a(+)(r,t)=iε0Vk(12ωk)12b^kei(k·rωkt),

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    b^s=a^scoshr+a^isinhr,b^i=a^ssinhr+a^icoshr.

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    E^a(+)(r,t)=E^s(+)(r,t)coshrE^i()(r,t)e2i(kl·rωlt)sinhr,

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    E^i(+)(r,t)iε0Vk(12|2ωlωk|)12a^kei(k·rωkt),

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    J(t)=2ceε0ηεl|αs|×[ercosθlcos(ΩtΔθ)ersinθlsin(ΩtΔθ)],

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    Pout=(ceε0ηεl|αs|)2e2r,

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    χ(ω)=1T0Tdt+dτeiωτΔJ(t)ΔJ(t+τ),

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    ΔJ(t)ΔJ(t+τ)=i=12η0dtI^i(tt)ji(t)ji(t+τ)+i,j=12η2(1)i+j×0dtdtji(t)jj(t)λij(tt,τ+tt),

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    ΔJ(t)ΔJ(t+τ)=ηcε0e2εl2δ(τ)+η2e2i,j=12(1)i+jλij(t,τ).

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    χ(ω)=ηcε0e2εl2+η2e2i,j=12(1)i+j×1T0Tdt+dτeiωτλij(t,τ),

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    λij(t,τ)=41c2ε02(1)i+j×[ΔE^a()(t)ΔE^a(+)(t+τ)εl(+)(t)εl()(t+τ)+ΔE^a()(t+τ)ΔE^a(+)(t)εl()(t)εl(+)(t+τ)ΔE^a()(t)ΔE^a()(t+τ)εl(+)(t)εl(+)(t+τ)ΔE^a(+)(t+τ)ΔE^a(+)(t)εl()(t)εl()(t+τ)],

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    Γx(1,1)(t,τ)ΔE^x()(t)ΔE^x(+)(t+τ)eiωlτ,Γx(2,0)(t,τ)ΔE^x()(t)ΔE^x()(t+τ)eiωl(2t+τ),

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    λij(t,τ)=41c2ε02ε12(1)i+j×[Γa(1,1)(t,τ)Γa(2,0)(t,τ)e2iθ1+c.c.],

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    χ(ω)=ηcε0e2εl2+η2c2ε02e2εl21T0Tdt+dτeiωτ×[Γa(1,1)(t,τ)Γa(2,0)(t,τ)e2iθ1+c.c.].

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    Γa(1,1)(t,τ)=cosh2rΓs(1,1)(t,τ)+sinh2reiωsτΔE^i(+)(t)ΔE^i()(t+τ)sinhrcoshr[Γ(2,0)(t,τ)e2ikl·r+c.c.]=sinh2reiωlτ[E^i(+)(t),E^i()(t+τ)],

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    Γa(2,0)(t,τ)=cosh2rΓs(2,0)(t,τ)+sinh2re4ikl·r[Γi(2,0)(t,τ)]*sinhrcoshr×ei(ωlτ+2kl·r)ΔE^i(+)(t)ΔE^s()(t+τ)sinhrcoshr×ei(ωlτ2kl·r)ΔEs()(t)ΔEi(+)(t+τ)=sinhrcoshr×ei(ωlτ+2kl·r)[E^i(+)(t),E^s()(t+τ)].

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    Γa(1,1)(t,τ)Γa(2,0)(t,τ)e2iθ1=sinhr2πcε00+dωei(ωωl)τ×(sinhr|2ωlω|+e2iθlcoshrω|2ωlω|),

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    χ(ω)=ηcε0e2εl2[1+ηsinhrF(ω)],

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    F(ω)sinhr|ωl+ω|+sinhr|ωlω|+(e2iθlcoshrωl2ω2+c.c.).

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    χ(ω)=2ηcε0e2εl2[1+(ηωl)e2rcos2θl].

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    χ(ω)=2ηcε0e2εl2(ηωl)e2r.

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    SNRout=Poutχ(Ω)·B=(ceε0ηεl|αs|)2e2r2ηcε0e2εl2(ηωl)e2rB=cε02ωlB|αs|2.

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    NF=10log10SNRinSNRout=10log10ωlωs=0dB,

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    NF=10log10(ξ1),

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    Boya Xie, Sheng Feng. Heterodyne detection enhanced by quantum correlation[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2021, 19(7): 072701
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