The functionalized graphene materials link optoelectronics, micro- and nano-technology, and material physics; further, these materials exhibit good integration capability with fibers and waveguides because of their atomically thin nature. The recent development of optoelectronics has been driven by the graphene-based fiber functional devices. This study focuses on the extensively used sensors, lasers, and nonlinear devices and briefly introduces the fabrication of graphene and related materials along with the implementations of the fiber/waveguide structures. Furthermore, we demonstrate the advantages of graphene-based fiber devices based on their performances and applications by reviewing the relevant research results.