To study the relationship between the characteristic parameters of the Schmidt prism and the polarization aberration, the diffraction integrals obtained from the polarization and the diffraction effect of the Schmidt prism are analyzed. The four key parameters that affect the polarization aberration are determined. The conditions required to the calibration of the Schmidt prism polarization aberration are also obtained. In the experiment, Jones matrix method of Schmidt prism is adopted to measure the three different Jones matrixes. The polarization aberration of Schmidt prism is completely eliminated under the condition that b=0. Experimental results show that the described theoretical analyses are correct.