[1] D. Ryutov, M. Derzon, M. Matzen. The physics of fast Z–pinches. Rev. Mod. Phys., 72, 167-223(2000).
[2] M. G. Haines. A review of the dense Z-pinch. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 53, 093001(2011).
[3] N. Kovalski, V. Palchikov, T. Filippova, O. Bazilevskaia, A. Andrianov, Y. Prokhorov, B. Brezhnev, S. Khvaschevski, V. Khrabrov, N. Filippov, S. Braginskii, M. Sulkovskaya, I. Podgorny. High-current pulse discharges, 348-364(1958).
[4] A. Williams, J. Mather. Neutron production in Columbus II, 26(1958).
[5] O. Anderson, R. Pyle, A. Stirling, J. Ise, W. Baker. Neutron production in linear deuterium pinches. Phys. Rev., 110, 1375-1383(1958).
[6] Z. Kalinowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, J. Kravarik, D. Klir, E. Zielinska, T. Pisarczyk, J. Kortanek, L. Karpinski, K. Tomaszewski, T. Chodukowski, M. Scholz, K. Rezac, B. Bienkowska, S. Jednorog, M. Paduch, J. Hitschfel, P. Kubes. Experimental evidence of thermonuclear neutrons in a modified plasma focus. Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 071501(2011).
[7] E. Zielinska, K. Rezac, T. Chodukowski, K. Tomaszewski, Z. Kalinowska, L. Karpinski, J. Kortanek, P. Kubes, M. Scholz, I. Ivanova-Stanik, T. Pisarczyk, J. Kravarik, M. Paduch, B. Bienkowska, D. Klir. Search for thermonuclear neutrons in a mega-ampere plasma focus. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 54, 015001(2012).
[8] At the beginning of the 1960s, the energy production by controlled thermonuclear fusion was so attractive research topic that non-thermonuclear neutrons in z-pinches became the subject of soviet movie “Nine days of one year” (1962).
[9] T. Filippova, V. Vinogradov, N. Filippov. Dense, high-temperature plasma in a noncylindrical Z-pinch compression. Nucl. Fusion, Suppl., 2, 577-587(1962).
[10] J. Mather. Formation of a high-density deuterium plasma focus. Phys. Fluids, 8, 366(1965).
[11] A. Bernard. Plasma focus et applications. Vide-Sci. Tech. Appl., 57, 836(2002).
[12] L. Soto. New trends and future perspectives on plasma focus research. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 47, A361-A381(2005).
[13] M. Krishnan. The dense plasma focus: A versatile dense pinch for diverse applications. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 40, 3189-3221(2012).
[14] A. Williams, K. Ware, R. Clark. Operation of a 720 kJ, 60 kV dense plasma focus. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 18, 1364(1973).
[15] A. Jerzykiewicz, H. Schmidt, M. Sadowski, H. Herold. Nucl. Fusion, 29, 1255-1269(1989).
[16] S. Lee, S. H. Saw. Pinch current limitation effect in plasma focus. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 021503(2008).
[17] W. Kies. Power limits for dynamical pinch discharges. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 28, 1645-1657(1986).
[18] S. Lee, A. Serban. Dimensions and lifetime of the plasma focus pinch. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 24, 1101-1105(1996).
[19] D. Klir, L. Soto. Drive parameter of neutron-optimized dense plasma foci. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 40, 3273-3279(2012).
[20] A. V. Shishlov, D. Klir, P. Kubes, A. Y. Labetsky, V. A. Kokshenev, M. Paduch, K. Rezac. Search for drive parameter of neutron-optimized Z-pinches and dense plasma foci. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 41, 3129-3134(2013).
[21] G. Mesyats, S. Loginov, B. Kovalchuk, N. Kovsharov, F. Fursov, A. Khuzeev, V. Kokshenev, V. Kiselev, S. Bugaev, N. Kurmaev, A. Kim, A. Volkov. GIT16: A megajoule pulse generator with plasma switch for a Z-pinch load. Russ. Phys. J., 40, 1154-1161(1997).
[22] N. A. Ratakhin, V. V. Rostov, A. A. Kim, V. F. Losev, V. I. Oreshkin, A. V. Shishlov, B. M. Kovalchuk, V. A. Kokshenev, V. I. Koshelev. Review of high-power pulsed systems at the Institute of high current electronics. Matter Radiat. Extremes, 1, 201-206(2016).
[23] K. Rezac, N. A. Ratakhin, P. Kubes, F. I. Fursov, O. Sila, V. A. Kokshenev, B. M. Kovalchuk, A. V. Shishlov, A. Y. Labetsky, D. Klir, N. E. Kurmaev, J. Cikhardt, J. Stodulka, J. Kravarik. Characterization of neutron emission from mega-ampere deuterium gas puff Z-pinch at microsecond implosion times. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 55, 085012(2013).
[24] N. E. Kurmaev, G. N. Dudkin, K. Turek, A. V. Shishlov, A. Y. Labetsky, A. A. Garapatsky, O. Sila, K. Rezac, R. K. Cherdizov, V. A. Kokshenev, V. N. Padalko, J. Kravarik, H. Orcikova, N. A. Ratakhin, V. A. Varlachev, D. Klir, P. Kubes, J. Cikhardt, F. I. Fursov, B. Cikhardtova, B. M. Kovalchuk. Efficient generation of fast neutrons by magnetized deuterons in an optimized deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 57, 044005(2015).
[25] J. L. Giuliani, R. J. Commisso. A review of the gas-puff Z-pinch as an X-ray and neutron source. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 43, 2385-2453(2015).
[26] A. Y. Labetsky, B. A. Nechaev, G. N. Dudkin, F. I. Fursov, J. Cikhardt, H. Orcikova, K. Rezac, N. A. Ratakhin, J. Kravarik, A. V. Shishlov, B. M. Kovalchuk, K. Turek, D. Klir, R. K. Cherdizov, N. E. Kurmaev, O. Sila, P. Kubes, V. N. Padalko, V. A. Kokshenev. Efficient neutron production from a novel configuration of deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch. Phys. Rev. Lett., 112, 095001(2014).
[27] P. Kubes, K. Rezac, N. E. Kurmaev, B. M. Kovalchuk, V. A. Varlachev, A. Velyhan, J. Kravarik, O. Sila, A. V. Shishlov, J. Cikhardt, A. Y. Labetsky, A. A. Garapatsky, G. N. Dudkin, H. Orcikova, R. Wagner, B. Cikhardtova, F. I. Fursov, V. A. Kokshenev, R. K. Cherdizov, J. Krasa, D. Klir, V. N. Padalko, K. Turek, N. A. Ratakhin. Deuterium Z-pinch as a powerful source of multi-MeV ions and neutrons for advanced applications. Phys. Plasmas, 23, 032702(2016).
[28] R. Gullickson, H. Sahlin. J. Appl. Phys., 49, 1099-1105(1978).
[29] L. Bertalot, H. Herold, H. Schmidt, T. Oppenlander, A. Mozer, M. Sadowski, U. Jager. Phys. Lett. A, 79, 389-392(1980).
[30] M. Sadowski, H. Herold, H. Schmidt, A. Mozer. Experimental studies of fast deuterons, impurity-ions and admixture-ions emitted from a plasma-focus. J. Appl. Phys., 53, 2959-2964(1982).
[31] V. A. Kokshenev, J. Cikhardt, R. K. Cherdizov, F. I. Fursov, J. Kaufman, A. Y. Labetsky, T. Hyhlik, N. E. Kurmaev, N. A. Ratakhin, H. Orcikova, K. Turek, O. Sila, B. Cikhardtova, V. A. Varlachev, G. N. Dudkin, J. Krasa, V. Munzar, R. Wagner, J. Stodulka, J. Kravarik, V. N. Padalko, D. Klir, P. Kubes, K. Rezac, A. V. Shishlov, B. M. Kovalchuk. Ion acceleration mechanism in mega-ampere gas-puff Z-pinches. New J. Phys., 20, 053064(2018).
[32] S. Zhdanov, B. Trubnikov. Particle acceleration on breaking of constrictions of a Z-pinch and in plasma focus. Z. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 70, 92(1976).
[33] P. Dusenbery, J. Drake, T. Speiser, G. Burkhart. A particle model for magnetotail neutral sheet equilibria. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 97, 13799-13815(1992).
[34] A. Lui. Current disruption in the Earth’s magnetosphere: Observations and models. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 101, 13067-13088(1996).
[35] E. Westerhof, G. Navratil, S. Medvedev, F. Porcelli, R. J. Buttery, A. W. Hyatt, A. D. Turnbull, V. Lukash, G. T. A. Huysmans, A. Kellman, T. C. Hender, V. D. Pustovitov, D. G. Whyte, M. Sugihara, T. Ozeki, J. C. Wesley, E. Lazzaro, D. A. Humphreys, M. Sato, C. C. Hegna, Y. Nakamura, H. R. Koslowski, M. Shimada, J. Bialek, M. Takechi, R. Paccagnella, V. Mertens, A. Isayama, E. J. Strait, T. P. Goodman, O. Gruber, A. H. Boozer, D. F. Howell, O. Sauter, G. Giruzzi, M. Gryaznevich, V. Riccardo, Y. Q. Liu, S. Guenter, Y. Kawano, S. V. Mirnov, H. Zohm, J. Manickam, A. Bondeson, P. Sonato, A. Garofalo, M. Okabayashi, P. Helander, R. J. La Haye, R. S. Granetz, M. J. Schaffer, G. Pautasso, C. Kessel, N. Hayashi, Y. Gribov, R. Yoshino, S. C. Jardin. Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions. Nucl. Fusion, 47, S128-S202(2007).
[36] F. Fiuza, C. Ruyer. Disruption of current filaments and isotropization of the magnetic field in counterstreaming plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett., 120, 245002(2018).
[37] D. D. Ryutov, A. Frank, S. V. Lebedev. Exploring astrophysics-relevant magnetohydrodynamics with pulsed-power laboratory facilities. Rev. Mod. Phys., 91, 025002(2019).
[38] M. Haines. Ion-beam formation in an M = O unstable Z-pinch. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 207, 179-185(1983).
[39] G. McCall. Calculation of neutron yield from a dense Z-pinch. Phys. Rev. Lett., 62, 1986-1988(1989).
[40] C. B. Mostrom, W. A. Stygar, D. V. Rose, R. E. Clark, R. J. Leeper, D. R. Welch. Fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of a deuterium gas puff Z pinch. Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, 255002(2009).
[41] J. Chittenden, B. Appelbe. Neutron spectra from beam-target reactions in dense Z-pinches. Phys. Plasmas, 22, 102703(2015).
[42] S. A. Chaikovsky, V. I. Oreshkin, D. L. Shmelev. Hybrid MHD/PIC simulation of a deuterium gas puff Z pinch. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 830, 012018(2017).
[43] S. Gary. Ion-acceleration in a plasma focus. Phys. Fluids, 17, 2135-2137(1974).
[44] K. Hirano, H. Nakajima, T. Yamamoto, K. Shimoda. Production of a highly ionized ion-beam by a plasma-focus. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 58, 3591-3599(1989).
[45] M. Haines. Kinetic effects in Z pinches. Laser Part. Beams, 19, 345-353(2001).
[46] B. Bienkowska, L. Karpinski, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Jakubowski, A. Szydlowski, A. Banaszak, M. Paduch, R. A. Miklaszewski, M. J. Sadowski, A. V. Dubrovsky, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski, V. A. Gribkov. Plasma dynamics in the PF-1000 device under full-scale energy storage: II. Fast electron and ion characteristics versus neutron emission parameters and gun optimization perspectives. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, 3592-3607(2007).
[47] S. F. Garanin, V. I. Mamyshev. Two-dimensional MHD simulations of a plasma focus with allowance for the acceleration mechanism for neutron generation. Plasma Phys. Rep., 34, 639-649(2008).
[48] T. Wright, J. Poukey, P. Miller. Electron-beam generation in plasma-filled diodes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 35, 940-943(1975).
[49] P. Ottinger, D. Hinshelwood, J. Grossmann, B. Weber, R. Commisso, S. Swanekamp. Gap formation processes in a high-density plasma opening switch. Phys. Plasmas, 2, 299-309(1995).
[50] P. Ottinger, S. Stephanakis, J. Schumer, D. Mosher, D. Hinshelwood, D. Ponce, R. Commisso, B. Weber, S. Swanekamp, G. Cooperstein, F. Young, S. Strasburg. Ultra-high electron beam power and energy densities using a plasma-filled rod-pinch diode. Phys. Plasmas, 11, 2916-2927(2004).
[51] B. M. Kovalchuk, A. A. Zherlitsyn, N. N. Pedin. Plasma-filled diode in the electron accelerator on base of a pulsed linear transformer. Laser Part. Beams, 28, 547-552(2010).
[52] T. A. Shelkovenko, S. A. Pikuz, D. A. Hammer. X-pinch. Part I. Plasma Phys. Rep., 41, 291-342(2015).
[53] R. Wagner, B. Cikhardtova, S. L. Jackson, G. N. Dudkin, V. A. Kokshenev, J. Kravarik, V. N. Padalko, V. Munzar, J. Krasa, P. Kubes, J. T. Engelbrecht, K. Turek, D. Klir, V. A. Varlachev, A. V. Shishlov, K. Rezac, J. Cikhardt, N. E. Kurmaev, F. I. Fursov, N. A. Ratakhin, O. Sila, R. K. Cherdizov, S. Buryskova. Acceleration of protons and deuterons up to 35 MeV and generation of 10(13) neutrons in a megaampere deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 61, 014018(2019).
[54] J. Kellogg, P. Goodrich, B. Weber, R. Commisso, D. Hinshelwood, F. Young, J. Boller, J. Shipman. Design and performance of HAWK, a versatile pulsed power generator(1991).
[55] N. Kurmaev, A. Shishlov, R. Cherdizov, N. Labetskaya, F. Fursov, V. Kokshenev. Effect of the gas distribution on implosion dynamics and the K-shell yield of the neon gas-puffs with the outer plasma shell. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1115, 022013(2018).
[56] J. Schumer, J. Englebrecht, K. Rezac, A. Mamonau, J. Giuliani, J. Cikhardt, G. T. Rado, D. Klir, S. Jackson, A. Beresnyak, B. Weber, H. Suhl. Initial conditions in the HAWK dense plasma focus(2019).
[57] J. Boller, J. Apruzese, B. Moosman, D. Black, B. Weber, R. Commisso, D. Mosher, S. Stephanakis, F. Young. Results of radius scaling experiments and analysis of neon K-shell radiation data from an inductively driven Z-pinch. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 26, 1068-1085(1998).
[58] A. S. Richardson, J. Schumer, J. L. Giuliani, A. Beresnyak, B. Weber, S. L. Jackson, S. Swanekamp, D. Mosher. Simulations of a dense plasma focus on a high-impedance generator. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 46, 3881-3885(2018).
[59] S. Jackson. Enhanced neutron yield from a dense plasma focus with local mass injection driven by a high-inductance generator.
[60] E. Litseva, L. Karpinski, D. Klir, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, K. Rezac, J. Kravarik, M. Scholz, P. Kubes. Fusion neutron detector for time-of-flight measurements in Z-pinch and plasma focus experiments. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 82, 033505(2011).
[61] G. Cooperstein, M. Gagliardi, A. Hunt, R. Allen, R. Commisso, H. Seipel, F. Young, S. Swanekamp, D. Hinshelwood, D. Mosher, D. Murphy, P. Ottinger, J. Schumer, J. Apruzese, S. Jackson. Detectors for intense, pulsed active detection, 516-523(2010).
[62] S. Stephanakis, F. Young, W. Oliphant, A. Knudson. Absolute calibration of a prompt gamma-ray detector for intense bursts of protons. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 9, 24-29(1981).
[63] D. Hinshelwood, D. Mosher, S. Goldstein, S. Stephanakis, F. Young. Temporal deuteron current determinations using neutron time-of-flight(1978).
[64] F. Young. Neutron diagnostics for pulsed plasma sources. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 22, 718-723(1975).
[65] S. Stephanakis, F. Young. Activations counters for pulsed neutron sources(1975).
[66] V. N. Padalko, G. N. Dudkin, B. Cikhardtova, K. Turek, R. K. Cherdizov, V. A. Kokshenev, K. Rezac, N. A. Ratakhin, A. V. Shishlov, J. Cikhardt, P. Kubes, F. I. Fursov, A. Y. Labetsky, O. Sila, N. E. Kurmaev, J. Kravarik, D. Klir, V. A. Varlachev. Neutron spectrum measured by activation diagnostics in deuterium gas-puff experiments on the 3 MA GIT-12 Z-pinch. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 45, 3209-3217(2017).
[67]
[68] J. P. Biersack, J. F. Ziegler, M. D. Ziegler. SRIM - The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 268, 1818-1823(2010).
[69] D. Klir. Spatial distribution of ion emission in gas-puff Z-pinches and dense plasma foci. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 62, 035009(2020).
[70] V. Pronyaev, P. Oblozinsky, S. F. Mughabghab, R. D. Mosteller, P. Talou, R. C. Little, J. P. Weinman, L. C. Leal, P. Moller, R. D. McKnight, R. E. MacFarlane, T. H. Trumbull, P. R. Page, D. P. McNabb, R. Arcilla, C. R. Lubitz, M. Herman, H. C. Huria, M. L. Zerkle, A. C. Kahler, A. Courcelle, M. C. White, B. Pritychenko, A. A. Sonzogni, H. Trellue, D. G. Madland, D. L. Smith, D. P. Heinrichs, H. Derrien, D. Rochman, N. M. Greene, D. A. Brown, K. S. Kozier, R. C. Block, P. G. Young, T. Kawano, A. D. Carlson, E. T. Cheng, J. B. Briggs, S. C. van der Marck, M. E. Dunn, S. C. Frankle, D. E. Cullen, G. M. Hale, M. B. Chadwick, C. L. Dunford, W. B. Wilson, N. M. Larson. ENDF/B-VII.0: Next generation evaluated nuclear data library for nuclear science and technology. Nucl. Data Sheets, 107, 2931-3059(2006).
[71] J. Sonsky, A. A. Zelenin, G. I. Ustroev, A. S. Chernenko, J. Kravarik, Y. L. Bakshaev, J. Cikhardt, Y. G. Kalinin, J. Krasa, T. Hyhlik, L. Juha, E. D. Kazakov, L. Vysin, D. Klir, S. S. Ananev, V. A. Bryzgunov, V. D. Korolev, P. Kubes, K. Rezac, A. Velyhan, I. V. Volobuev, E. Litseva. Efficient production of 100 keV deuterons in deuterium gas puff Z-pinches at 2 MA current. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 52, 065013(2010).
[72] A. Bulatov, A. Batyunin, V. Vikharev. Study of an ultrafast Z-pinch on the Angara 5-1 device. Sov. J. Plasma Phys., 16, 597-601(1990).
[73] G. Gourlan, C. Maisonnier, A. Coudeville, A. Jolas, J. Rager, P. Cloth, A. Bernard, H. Conrads. The dense-plasma focus—A high-intensity neutron source. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 145, 191-218(1977).
[74] M. Milanese, R. Moroso, J. Pouzo. D-D neutron yield in the 125 J dense plasma focus nanofocus. Eur. Phys. J. D, 27, 77-81(2003).
[75] L. Soto, J. Moreno, A. Tarifeno, C. Pavez, F. Veloso. Studies on scalability and scaling laws for the plasma focus: Similarities and differences in devices from 1 MJ to 0.1 J. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 19, 055017(2010).
[76] D. A. Ershov, Y. S. Shigaev, S. F. Garanin, V. Y. Dolinskii, A. P. Falin, O. N. Petrushin, A. V. Garin. Prospects for development of pulsed source with a yield 10(14) DT-neutrons based on spherical DPF chamber, 131-137(2018).
[77] I. A. Prokuratov, Y. V. Mikhailov, B. D. Lemeshko. Experimental dependence of the neutron yield on the discharge current for plasma focus chambers filled with deuterium and deuterium-tritium. Plasma Phys. Rep., 45, 334-344(2019).
