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Photonics Research
Vol. 11, Issue 7, 1238 (2023)

Open-ended exploration of ultrashort pulse lasers: an innovative design strategy for devices based on 2D materials

Qing Wu¹, Gang Zhao¹, Haibin Wu¹, and Meng Zhang^2、*

Author Affiliations

¹Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China

²School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

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DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.483172 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Qing Wu, Gang Zhao, Haibin Wu, Meng Zhang. Open-ended exploration of ultrashort pulse lasers: an innovative design strategy for devices based on 2D materials[J]. Photonics Research, 2023, 11(7): 1238 Copy Citation Text

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Evolution of SAs based on materials (0D, 1D, and 2D) in the field of mode-locked lasers.

Fig. 1. Evolution of SAs based on materials (0D, 1D, and 2D) in the field of mode-locked lasers.

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Atomic structures of 2D materials. (a) Graphene; (b) TIs; (c) TMDs; (d) BP; (e) MXenes; (f) heterostructures; (g) graphdiyne; (a) Reprinted from Ref. [19], copyright 2020, IEEE; (b) reprinted from Ref. [20], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society; (c) reprinted from Ref. [21], copyright 2019, AIP Publishing; (d) reprinted from Ref. [22], copyright 2012, Wiley; (e) reprinted from Ref. [23], copyright 2021, De Gruyter; (f) reprinted from Ref. [24], copyright 2017, Chinese Laser Press; (g) reprinted from Ref. [25], copyright 2016, Springer Nature.

Fig. 2. Atomic structures of 2D materials. (a) Graphene; (b) TIs; (c) TMDs; (d) BP; (e) MXenes; (f) heterostructures; (g) graphdiyne; (a) Reprinted from Ref. [19], copyright 2020, IEEE; (b) reprinted from Ref. [20], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society; (c) reprinted from Ref. [21], copyright 2019, AIP Publishing; (d) reprinted from Ref. [22], copyright 2012, Wiley; (e) reprinted from Ref. [23], copyright 2021, De Gruyter; (f) reprinted from Ref. [24], copyright 2017, Chinese Laser Press; (g) reprinted from Ref. [25], copyright 2016, Springer Nature.

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Fig. 3. Overview of bottom-up and top-down approaches to 2D materials fabrication. (a) ME; (b) LPE; (c) ion embedding and stripping; (d) aqueous acid etching; (e) magnetron-sputtering deposition; (f) CVD. (c) Reprinted from Ref. [72], copyright 2020, Elsevier; (d) reprinted from Ref. [73], copyright 2021, Elsevier; (e) reprinted from Ref. [74], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (f) reprinted from Ref. [75], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

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Fig. 4. Structural characterization of 2D materials based on diverse preparation methods. (a)–(c) SEM, AFM, and Raman images of BP based on ME; (d)–(f) AFM, TEM, and HRTEM images of V₂CT_x based on LPE; (g)–(i) SEM, AFM, and Raman images of Bi2Te3 based on CVD. (a)–(c) Reprinted from Ref. [82], copyright 2016, Optica; (d)–(f) reprinted from Ref. [83], copyright 2022, Elsevier; (g)–(i) reprinted from Ref. [84], copyright 2019, Optica.

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Fig. 5. Two main transfer techniques for 2D materials. Reprinted from Ref. [85], copyright 2019, Wiley.

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Fig. 6. Integration of SAs based on 2D materials: (a)–(d) fiber laser devices, (e) solid-state laser device. (a) Sandwiching structure transferring SA on fiber end; (b) D-shaped fiber; (c) tapered fiber; (d) photonic crystal fiber; and (e) free-space coupled substrates. (a) Reprinted from Ref. [86], copyright 2017, Springer Nature; (b) reprinted from Ref. [74], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (c) reprinted from Ref. [87], copyright 2018, IOP Publishing.

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Fig. 7. Nonlinear optical properties test method. (a) Setup of the I-scan technique measurement. (b) Saturable absorption property of the PQD SAs device. (c) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for Z-scan measurement. (d) Relationship between Z-scan nonlinear transmittance and incident light energy intensity. (a), (b) Reprinted from Ref. [91], copyright 2017, Springer Nature; (c), (d) reprinted from Ref. [92], copyright 2019, Chinese Laser Press.

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Fig. 8. Typical cavity construction: (a) solid-state lasers and (b) fiber lasers.

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Fig. 9. Mode-locked solid-state laser based on 2D layered nanomaterials. (a), (d), and (h) Corresponding output spectrum. (b) and (e) Normalized autocorrelation trace. (c), (f), and (i) Radio spectrum. (g) Oscilloscope traces of typical QML pulse trains at different time scales. (a)–(c) Reprinted from Ref. [109], copyright 2019, IEEE; (d)–(f) reprinted from Ref. [126], copyright 2017, Optica; (g)–(i) reprinted from Ref. [122], copyright 2020, Elsevier.

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Fig. 10. Graphene mode-locked fiber laser at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (a), (d), and (h) Optical spectra. (b), (e), (f), and (i) AC traces of mode-locked pulses. (c) and (g) Repetition frequency. (a)–(c) Reprinted from Ref. [133], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (d), (e) reprinted from Ref. [135], copyright 2021, Elsevier; (f), (g) reprinted from Ref. [193], copyright 2018, Optica; (h), (i) reprinted from Ref. [197], copyright 2021, Elseriver.

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Fig. 11. TIs mode-locked fiber laser at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (a) Z-scan curves of TIs. Insert: Z-scan experimental setup. (b), (d), and (f) Nonlinear saturable absorption curve. (c), (e), (g), (h), and (i) Autocorrelation trace. (a) Reprinted from Ref. [95], copyright 2012, Optica; (b), (c) reprinted from Ref. [147], copyright 2016, Springer Nature; (d), (e) reprinted from Ref. [140], copyright 2018, Optica; (f), (g) reprinted from Ref. [199], copyright 2014, Optica.

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Fig. 12. TMDs mode-locked fiber laser at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (a) Z-scan measurement of MoS2; (b), (d), (f), and (h) mode-locked pulses measurements; (c), (e), (g), and (i) AC traces of mode-locked pulses. (a) Reprinted from Ref. [16], copyright 2014, Optica; (b), (c) reprinted from Ref. [150], copyright 2017, Optica; (d), (e) reprinted from Ref. [101], copyright 2017, Optica; (f), (g) reprinted from Ref. [206], copyright 2015, Optica.

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Fig. 13. BP mode-locked fiber laser at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (a) Relation between the transmittance and input intensity for few-layer BP. (b), (f), and (h) Optical spectra of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (c), (d), (g), and (i) AC traces of mode-locked pulses. (e) Measured RF spectrum. (a) Reprinted from Ref. [164], copyright 2015, Optica; (b), (c) reprinted from Ref. [103], copyright 2018, Optica; (d), (e) reprinted from Ref. [166], copyright 2016, Optica; (f), (g) reprinted from Ref. [46], copyright 2015, Optica.

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Fig. 14. MXenes mode-locked fiber laser at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (a) Measured saturable absorption and fitting. (b), (d), (f), and (h) Measured optical spectrum at wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 2 μm. (c), (e), (g), and (i) RF spectrum. (a)–(c) Reprinted from Ref. [88], copyright 2019, Optica; (d), (e) reprinted from Ref. [74], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (f), (g) reprinted from Ref. [23], copyright 2021, De Gruyter; (h), (i) reprinted from Ref. [214], copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Fig. 15. Heterostructures mode-locked fiber laser at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. (a), (c), and (e) Optical spectrum; (b), (d), and (f) pulse duration. (a), (b) Reprinted from Ref. [222], copyright 2017, Chinese Laser Press; (c), (d) reprinted from Ref. [181], copyright 2019, Optica; (e), (f) reprinted from Ref. [180], copyright 2018, Chinese Laser Press.

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Fig. 16. Performance of GDY-SA-based mode-locked fiber laser performance. (a), (c), (f), and (h) Spectrum of center wavelength. (b), (d), (g), and (i) Autocorrelation trace. (e) RF spectrum with ∼70 dB SNR ratio. (a), (b) Reprinted from Ref. [189], copyright 2019, Elsevier; (c)–(e) reprinted from Ref. [192], copyright 2022, MDPI; (f)–(i) reprinted from Ref. [107], copyright 2020, Wiley.

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2D Materials	I-scan			Z-scan
2D Materials	$I_{sat} / (MW {cm}^{- 2})$	$Δ T /$ %	Ref.	$I_{sat} / (MW {cm}^{- 2})$	$α_{s} /$ %	Ref.
Graphene	60.00	3.90	[93]	0.87	17.40	[17]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	90.20	39.80	[94]	490.00	98.00	[95]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	28.00	6.20	[96]	480.00	95.30	[33]
${MoS}_{2}$	85.40	25.30	[97]	$413 \pm 24 GW {cm}^{- 2}$	34.40	[98]
${WSe}_{2}$	15.42	21.89	[99]	7.00	5.4	[100]
${WS}_{2}$	19.80	35.10	[101]	$156 GW {cm}^{- 2}$	35.75	[102]
BP	8.30	10.00	[87]	14.98	10.03	[103]
${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	256.90	0.96	[104]	7.30	41.00	[92]
$V_{2} {CT}_{x}$	$0.5 mW {cm}^{- 2}$	48.80	[105]	100.02	20.20	[83]
Graphdiyne	48.00	21.10	[106]	4.03	48.13	[107]

Table 1. Comparison of the Data Obtained for the Two Inspection Methods for 2D Materials

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SA		Gain Medium	$λ / nm$	Pulse Width/ps	Repetition Rate/MHz	Peak Power/kW	Ref.
Graphene		Nd:GdVO₄	1341.10	11.000	100.00	1.173	[108]
		Nd:YVO₄	1342.40	7.400	44.60	0.667	[109]
		Cr:YAG	1516.00	0.091	85.16	12.904	[110]
		Tm:CLNGG	2014.40	0.882	95.00	0.716	[111]
		Tm:CLNGG	2018.00	0.729	99.00	0.834	[112]
	G-Gold	Tm:CLNGG	2010.00	0.354	98.00	2.796	[113]
	GO	Tm:YAP	2023.00	$< 10$	71.80	0.373	[114]
		Tm:YAP	1988.00	−	62.38	−	[115]
		Tm, Ho:LiF₄	2051.00	5.800	69.80	0.198	[116]
	GO	Tm:LuAG	2023.00	923.800	104.20	0.018	[117]
		Tm:Lu₂O₃	2067.00	0.410	110.00	5.987	[118]
TMDs	${MoS}_{2}$	Nd:YVO₄	1342.50	0.8 μs	98 kHz	7.653 W	[119]
	${TiS}_{2}$	Tm:YAG	2011.40	224.000	208.50	2.184 W	[120]
	${WS}_{2}$	Tm, Ho:LLF	1895.00	878.000	131.60	0.001	[121]
	${MoS}_{2}$	Tm:YAG	2011.00	280.000	232.20	0.003	[122]
	${MoS}_{2}$	Tm:CYA	1863.00	994.000	103.70	0.011	[123]
	${MoS}_{2}$	Tm:LLF	1918.00	−	83.30	−	[124]
	${MoS}_{2}$	Tm:YAP	1932.00	100.000	92.10	0.012	[125]
BP		$Nd : {GdVO}_{4}$	1340.50	9.240	58.14	7.369	[126]

Table 2. Performance Summary of Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers Based on Graphene, TMDs, and BP at 1.5–2 μm

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SA		Integration	$λ / nm$	Pulse Width/ps	Repetition Rate/MHz	Peak Power/W	Ref.
Graphene		Sandwich	1576.30	0.415	6.84	17,590.36	[130]
		Sandwich	1564.00	0.870	19.30	11.95	[131]
	GO	Sandwich	1559.56	0.582	23.21	1301.43	[132]
		D-shaped	1560.70	0.390	2.44	–	[133]
		Sandwich	1557.78	7.820	1.65	1062.66	[134]
	GO	Tapered	1599.43	0.568	5.68	2095.07	[93]
	GO	Sandwich	1574.00	0.890	–	–	[135]
TIs	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1547.32	0.600	15.11	–	[136]
	n ${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	SMF	1570.00	0.400	–	–	[137]
	p ${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	SMF	1543.45	0.385	–	–	[137]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1562.40	0.320	17.34	100.92	[96]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1559.40	266.000	5.50	1.30	[138]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Sandwich	1570.45	0.505	13.14	–	[139]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1560.88	2.180	15.60	2.65	[140]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Sandwich	1558.46	3.220 ns	1.70	7.42	[84]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Sandwich	1564.60	1.570	1.21	–	[95]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Sandwich	1532.00	1.700	38.72	–	[141]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Sandwich	1557.00	0.500	38.72	–	[141]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Sandwich	1557.91	7.780 ns	1.71	6.11	[142]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Sandwich	1562.40	0.630	22.60	24.76	[94]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3} / Mica$	Sandwich	1561.95	2.420 ns	1.082	70.78	[143]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1556.00	0.449	22.13	77.60	[144]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1561.00	0.270	34.58	107.41	[145]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Sandwich	1558.50	1.900	3.75	70.18	[146]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1542.00	0.070	95.40	4716.98	[147]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1562.71	1.610	13.20	–	[148]
	${Bi}_{1.6} {Sb}_{0.4} {Te}_{3}$	Sandwich	1562.02	0.366	35.97	–	[149]
TMDs	${MoS}_{2}$	D-shaped	1560.00	0.200	14.53	2300.00	[150]
	${MoS}_{2}$	Sandwich	1564.59	10.840 ns	0.94	12.04	[97]
	${WS}_{2}$	D-shaped	1557.00	0.660	10.20	–	[151]
	${WS}_{2}$	Tapered	1540.00	0.067	135.00	–	[101]
	${WS}_{2}$	Tapered	1557.50	11.000	2.14	603.23	[152]
	${WS}_{2}$	D-shaped	1557.00	1.320	8.86	9.41	[153]
	${WS}_{2}$	–	1565.30	2.100	4.20	4195.01	[154]
	${WSe}_{2}$	Tapered	1557.40	0.164	63.13	2752.74	[155]
	${WSe}_{2}$	Tapered	1556.42	0.477	14.02	–	[35]
	${WSe}_{2}$	D-shaped	1556.70	1.310	5.31	0.12	[156]
	${MoSe}_{2}$	D-shaped	1557.10	1.090	5.03	–	[156]
	${MoTe}_{2}$	D-shaped	1561.00	1.200	5.26	–	[157]
	${TiS}_{2}$	Tapered	1563.30	0.812	22.70	31.16	[158]
	${TiS}_{2}$	Sandwich	1531.69	2.360	3.43	21.57	[159]
	${SnS}_{2}$	Tapered	1562.00	1.060	7.19	3.37	[160]
	${FeS}_{2}$	Tapered	1566.50	1.700	6.40	–	[161]
	${Mo}_{0.5} W_{0.5} S_{2}$	Sandwich	1556.80	0.575	4.87	267.82	[162]
	${ReS}_{1.02} {Se}_{0.98}$	Sandwich	1561.15	0.888	2.95	309.97	[163]
BP		Sandwich	1571.45	0.648	5.96	–	[164]
		Sandwich	1560.70	0.570	6.88	1298.25	[165]
		Tapered	1569.24	0.280	60.50	–	[166]
		–	1562.00	0.635	12.50	–	[167]
		Sandwich	1558.00	0.700	20.82	–	[168]
		Sandwich	1555.00	0.102	23.90	696.08	[103]
		Sandwich	1562.00	0.900	5.66	–	[169]
		Tapered	1576.10	0.404	34.27	136.14	[87]
		Tapered	1562.80	0.291	10.36	431.21	[170]
	PI-BP	Sandwich	1561.00	1.438	5.27	–	[171]
	PVA-BP	Sandwich	1562.00	1.236	5.42	–	[171]
		Sandwich	1567.30	0.538	30.30	–	[172]
MXenes	${Ti}_{3} {CNT}_{x}$	D-shaped	1557.00	0.660	15.40	4.92	[173]
	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	D-shaped	1555.01	0.159	7.28	2578.62	[49]
	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	D-shaped	1567.30	0.946	5.24	–	[92]
	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	Tapered	1550.00	0.104	20.03	624.06	[88]
	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	Tapered	1566.90	0.650	6.03	–	[104]
	${Ti}_{2} {CT}_{x}$	D-shaped	1565.40	5.300	8.25	–	[174]
	$V_{2} {CT}_{x}$	Tapered	1559.12	3.210	4.90	–	[105]
	$V_{2} {CT}_{x}$	Tapered	1560.00	311.000	20.90	0.69	[83]
	${Nb}_{2} C$	Tapered	1559.00	0.770	14.12	276.24	[175]
	${Nb}_{2} C$	Tapered	1559.98	0.603	12.54	1296.02	[176]
	${Mo}_{2} C$	D-shaped	1551.92	0.199	35.74	7610.80	[74]
	${Mo}_{2} C$	D-shaped	1561.60	0.290	7.90	2981.67	[177]
	${Mo}_{2} C / FM$	Sandwich	1558.03	0.313	26.80	771.78	[178]
Heterostructures	$G - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Sandwich	1565.60	1.170	6.91	–	[179]
	${MoS}_{2} - {Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3} - {MoS}_{2}$	SAM	1554.00	0.286	36.46	1917.99	[180]
	${MoS}_{2} - {WS}_{2}$	Tapered	1560.00	0.154	74.67	1721.86	[181]
	$SnS - CdS$	Tapered	1560.80	0.558	34.30	–	[182]
	${MoS}_{2} - G$	Sandwich	1596.20	1.360	9.80	–	[183]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3} - {FeTe}_{2}$	Tapered	1558.80	0.481	23.00	561.33	[184]
	$BP - {Ti}_{3} C_{2}$	Tapered	1559.80	0.745	11.70	316.64	[185]
	${VO}_{2} - V_{2} O_{5}$	D-shaped	1562.00	0.633	8.10	–	[186]
	$G - {WS}_{2}$	SMF	1566.70	0.357	22.86	1899.27	[187]
	BP-InSe	Tapered	1559.43	0.881	12.69	–	[188]
Graphdiyne		Sandwich	1557.17	0.688	14.60	2001.04	[69]
		Tapered	1564.70	0.734	12.05	165.07	[189]
		Sandwich	1530.70	0.690	14.70	579.71	[190]
		Tapered	1562.90	0.283	9.08	7667.84	[191]
		Tapered	1551.20	0.136	23.50	397.37	[192]
		–	1565.72	0.940	5.05	–	[107]

Table 3. Performance Summary of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Layered Materials at 1.5 μm

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SA		Integration	$λ / nm$	Pulse Width/ps	Repetition Rate/MHz	Peak Power/W	Ref.
Graphene		Sandwich	2060.00	0.190	20.98	13,241.05	[193]
		Sandwich	1913.70	–	19.98	–	[194]
		Sandwich	1908.00	–	1.82	–	[131]
		Sandwich	1945.00	0.205	58.87	1073.17	[195]
		Sandwich	1884.00	1.200	20.50	54.88	[28]
		Sandwich	1940.00	3.600	6.46	111.11	[196]
		Sandwich	1931.90	1.770	12.91	159.41	[197]
		Sandwich	1950.00	0.255	23.50	201.91 kW	[198]
		Sandwich	1931.10	1.770	12.91	–	[197]
TIs	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1935.00	0.795	27.90	–	[199]
	${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1909.50	1.260	21.50	–	[200]
	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	D-typed	1912.12	0.835	18.30	–	[201]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tapered	1930.07	1.240	14.51	7225.27	[202]
	${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	D-shaped	1961.35	0.890	22.36	4703.42	[203]
TMDs	${MoSe}_{2}$	Sandwich	1943.35	0.980	23.53	397.96	[99]
	${MoSe}_{2}$	D-shaped	1912.00	0.920	18.21	256.67	[204]
	${WSe}_{2}$	Tapered	1863.96	1.160	11.36	2466.31	[205]
	${WSe}_{2}$	Tapered	1886.22	1.180	11.36	–	[35]
	${WS}_{2}$	D-shaped	1941.00	1.300	34.80	13.23	[206]
	${WTe}_{2}$	Tapered	1915.50	1.250	18.72	1705.13	[207]
	${MoTe}_{2}$	Tapered	1930.22	0.952	14.35	2686.44	[208]
BP		Sandwich	1910.00	0.739	36.80	55.00	[46]
		Tapered	1898.00	1.580	19.20	278.55	[209]
		Sandwich	2094.00	1.300	29.10	291.54	[210]
		Sandwich	1859.30	0.139	20.95	7490.00	[211]
MXenes	${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	D-shaped	1913.70	0.897	16.77	830.97	[23]
	${Nb}_{2} C$	Tapered	1944.00	1.670	9.35	70.45	[212]
	${Nb}_{2} C$	Tapered	1950.80	1.340	11.76	291.91	[212]
	${Nb}_{2} C$	Tapered	1882.13	2.270	6.28	862.82	[176]
	$V_{2} C$	Tapered	1937.00	1.680	11.52	140.00	[213]
	$V_{2} C$	Tapered	1900.00	0.843	18.29	961.83	[214]
Graphdiyne		–	1880.30	2.520	5.94	2431.72	[107]

Table 4. Performance Summary of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Layered Materials at 2 μm

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SA	Type of Laser	Pulse Width/fs	$λ / nm$	Repetition Rate/MHz	Ref.
Graphene	SL	91	1516	85.16	[110]
$G / {WS}_{2}$	FL	357	1567	22.86	[187]
G-Gold	SL	354	2010	98.00	[113]
Graphene	FL	205	1945	58.87	[195]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	FL	70	1542	95.40	[147]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	FL	795	1935	27.90	[199]
${WS}_{2}$	FL	67	1540	135.00	[101]
${MoS}_{2}$	SL	280 ps	2011	232.20	[122]
${MoSe}_{2}$	FL	920	1912	18.21	[204]
BP	SL	9.24 ps	1340	58.14	[126]
BP	FL	102	1555	23.90	[103]
BP	FL	139	1859	20.95	[211]
${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	FL	104	1550	20.30	[88]
$V_{2} C$	FL	843	1900	18.29	[214]
${MoS}_{2} - {WS}_{2}$	FL	154	1560	74.67	[181]
Graphdiyne	FL	136	1551	23.50	[192]

Table 5. Key Parameters for 1.5 μm and 2 μm Mode-Locked Lasers Based on 2D Materials

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Qing Wu, Gang Zhao, Haibin Wu, Meng Zhang. Open-ended exploration of ultrashort pulse lasers: an innovative design strategy for devices based on 2D materials[J]. Photonics Research, 2023, 11(7): 1238

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