Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys

Li Junfeng; Wei Zhengying; Lu Bingheng

doi:10.3788/LOP55.011403

Journals >Laser & Optoelectronics Progress >Volume 55 >Issue 1 >Page 11403 > Article

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
Vol. 55, Issue 1, 11403 (2018)

Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys

Li Junfeng, Wei Zhengying^*, and Lu Bingheng

Author Affiliations

State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi''an 710049, China

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DOI: 10.3788/LOP55.011403 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Li Junfeng, Wei Zhengying, Lu Bingheng. Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(1): 11403 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Schematic of SLM technology

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Cross-sectional images of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s-1; (b) 200 mm·s-1; (c) 300 mm·s-1; (d) 400 mm·s-128<

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional images of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm·

\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28 <]} \end{matrix}

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$XRD spectra of Ti components formed by SLM under different diffraction angles. (a) 2θ=38.45°; (b) 2θ=40.18°[28]$

Fig. 3. XRD spectra of Ti components formed by SLM under different diffraction angles. (a) 2θ=38.45°; (b) 2θ=40.18°^[28]

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Fig. 4. Microstructures of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm·

\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28| <]} \end{matrix}

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Fig. 5. Microstructures of CP-Ti samples formed by SLM (a)(b) without and (c)(d) with SMF

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$(a)(b) Optical microscopy images, (c)(d)scanning electron microscopy images, (e)(f) orientation maps and (g)(h) inverse pole figures of fracture section under different conditions[31]$

Fig. 6. (a)(b) Optical microscopy images, (c)(d)scanning electron microscopy images, (e)(f) orientation maps and (g)(h) inverse pole figures of fracture section under different conditions^[31]

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Fig. 7. Morphologies of Ti6Al4V powder. (a) 500×; (b) 3000×

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Fig. 8. Melting and solidification processes under different laser scanning speeds^[43]. (a) 5 mm·s^-1; (b) 10 mm·s^-1; (c) 25 mm·s^-1; (d) 50 mm·s^-1; (e) 100 mm·s^-1

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Fig. 9. Influence of scanning strategy on microstructures^[53]. (a)(b)(c)(d) Unidirectional scanning; (e)(f)(g)(h) cross scanning

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Fig. 10. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V specimens formed by SLM with laser energy input of (a) 0.5E₀, (b) E₀ and (c) 2

\begin{matrix} {E_{0}}^{[54]} \end{matrix}

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Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of support structure; (b) schematic of support structure with A_s/A_p=0.25^[63]

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Fig. 12. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM ^[63]. (a) A_s/A_p=0.125; (b) A_s/A_p=0.25; (c) A_s/A_p=0.4; (d) A_s/A_p=1

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Fig. 13. Structural components fabricated by SLM. (a) CP-Ti; (b) TiTa

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Fig. 14. (a) Individual bone plate after surface treatment; (b) matching between bone plate and pelvic model

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Fig. 15. (a) Formed part and (b) model of gradient fusion cage section

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Fig. 16. Ti6Al4V sound absorbers fabricated by SLM. (a) Sample A; (b) sample B

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Fig. 17. Samples on substrate

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Fig. 18. Titanium alloy parts fabricated by SLM

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SLM equipment	σ_UTS /MPa	σ_0.2 /MPa	ε /%	Hardness /HV	Reference
MTTSLM 250 HL	757±12.5	555±3	19.5±1.8	261	[29]
MCPSLM 250	766	-	28	-	[31]
SMF-MCPSLM 250	794	-	35	-
SLM prototype	650	500	17	-	[32]

Table 1. Mechanical properties of CP-Ti fabricated by different SLM equipments

Condition	σ_0.2 /MPa	σ_UTS /MPa	ε_fracture /%	Ref
540 ℃ for 2 h, water cooling	1118±39	1223±52	5.36±2.02	[65]
850 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	955±6	1004±6	12.84±1.36	[65]
850 ℃ for 5 h, furnace cooling	909±24	965±20	Pre-fracture	[65]
1015 ℃ for 0.5 h, air cooling followed by843 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	801±20	874±23	13.45±1.18	[65]
1020 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	760±19	840±27	14.06±2.53	[65]
705 ℃ for 3 h, air cooling	1026±35	1082±34	9.04±2.03	[65]
940 ℃ for 1 h and 650 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	899±27	948±27	13.59±0.32	[65]
1015 ℃ for 0.5 h and 730 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	822±25	902±19	12.74±0.56	[65]
SLM built(no post treatment)	1110±9	1267±5	7.28±1.12	[65]
SLM built (no post treatment)	-	1351	3.14	[66]
600 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	1287	3.2	[66]
750 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	1185	3.4	[66]
925 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	988	12.2	[66]
1050 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	980	9.2	[66]
700 ℃ for 1 h, cooling at 10 K·s^-1	1051	1115	11.3	[67]
900 ℃ for 2 h, and 700 ℃ for 1 h, cooling at 10 K·s^-1	908	988	9.5	[67]
Hot isostatic pressing (900 ℃, 100 MPa) for 2 hand 700 ℃ for 1 h cooling at 10 K·s^-1	885	973	19.0	[67]
SLM built (no post treatment)	736	1051	11.9	[67]
SLM built (no post treatment)	990±5	1095±10	8.1±03	[61]
Hot worked and annealed	790±20	870±10	18.1±0.8	[61]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1250-1280	1390-1430	5.5-7.0	[68]
(705±20) ℃ for 1.5 h, air cooling	1080-1100	1110-1130	11.0-13.0	[68]
650 ℃ for 4 h, furnace cooling	1145±17	1187±10	7±2.7	[69]
890 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	973±8	996±10	3±0.4	[69]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1125±22	12.16±8	6±0.4	[69]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1015	1090	10	[70]
Hot isostatic pressing	850	960	14	[70]
730 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	974±7	1065±21	7.0±0.5	[71]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1075±25	1199±49	7.6±0.5	[71]

Table 2. Mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM under different process conditions

Li Junfeng, Wei Zhengying, Lu Bingheng. Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(1): 11403

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